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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— Bulletin No. 76.
D. E. SALMON, D, V. M., Chief of Bureau.
THE SCORE CARD
IN
STOCK BREEDING
BY
GEORGE M. ROMMEL, B. S. A., Animal Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1905.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
U. S. Department or Agriculture,
Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C'.,June 2, 1905. Sir: I respectfully submit herewith the manuscript of an article entitled " The Score Card in Stock Breeding," by George M. Rommel, B. S. A., animal husbandman of this Bureau. This material has been compiled from the publications of the certified breeders' associa- tions in this country, and is "intended to be a supplement to Bulletin No. 01 of this Bureau, on the Score Card in Stock Judging at Agri- cultural Colleges. It comprises the standards of these organizations, so far as they are used, with the exception of those for dairy cattle, which have already been published by the Dairy Division. It is be- lieved that these score cards will be useful to breeders throughout the country, and I recommend their publication as a bulletin of the Bureau series.
Very respectfully, D. E. Salmon,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James Wilson, Secretary.
3
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction _ _ 7
Horses:
American saddle horse 9
Shetland pony 9
Shire 9
Cattle — Beef and dual purpose:
Aberdeen Angus 11
Brown Swiss 13
Devon _ _.. 13
Galloway 15
Red Polled 16
Sussex 16
Hogs:
Berkshire 18
Cheshire 20
Chester White 21
Ohio Improved Chester . _ 24
Duroc Jersey 26
Hampshire (Thin Rind) 29
Poland China 31
Tarn worth 38
Yorkshire, large 39
Yorkshire, small . . . 40
Sheep:
Cheviot 42
Cotswold 43
Dorset Horn .' . _ 44
Hampshire Down 45
Lincoln.. _ 45
Merino, Delaine 46
Merino, Spanish 47
Oxford Down 49
Rambouillet 50
Shropshire 52
Southdown 53
Suffolk 54
5
ILLUSTRATIONS.
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
Fig. 1 . Points of the horse . 8
Z. Points of beef cattle — side view ... 10
3. Points of beef cattle — front and rear views. . 10
4. Points of the hog — three-quarters front view 17
5. Points of the hog — side view 17
6. Points of the sheep— side view 41
7. Points of the sheep— front and rear views 41
6
THE SCORE CARD IN 'STOCK BREEDING.
Compiled by George M. Rommel, B. S. A., Animal Husbandman, Bureau of Animal Industry.
INTRODUCTION.
This bulletin is a compilation of the score cards used by breeders' associations in the United States certified by the Secretary of Agri- culture. It is intended to be a supplement to Bulletin No. 61 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, entitled " The Score Card in Stock Judging at Agricultural Colleges."
Many of these score cards were originally adopted for actual use in the show ring, but for this purpose they have become obsolete. No competent judge would now think of using them to determine the relative merits of two or more animals. However, a breeder will get much better results if he has a standard toward w.hich to work; indeed it is hardly possible to see how a breeder can succeed unless he has such a standard. The value of the official breed score card at present is that it provides a uniform standard, and if it really represents the ideals of the majority of breeders uniform results can be obtained much more readily than without it. It gives a platform on which all can stand. No one can doubt the effectiveness of the score cards of the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine in developing the modern type of hog in America, and the two-min- ute trotter has been developed because breeders adopted a certain standard and worked unceasingly to reach it. Angus and Galloway breeders are also showing the good results of this system. A written standard of excellence, however, is not always necessary to insure uniformity of results. The American Hereford type has been devel- oped without such an aid because the most desirable type was clearly understood by breeders. On the other hand, the absence of a stand- ard may be readily observed in the great variation in type in a breed seen in a single show.
The reader's attention is particularly called to the text of these standards; the numerical values of the different points are of only relative importance.
The Bureau is under obligations to the officials who supplied the information for this publication.
7
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
HOUSES.
Fig. J.— Points of the horse.
1. Muzzle.
2. Nostril.
3. Lips.
4. Nose.
5. Pace.
6. Forehead.
7. Eye.
8. Ears.
9. Angle of lower jaw. 10. Throatlatch.throat,
or throttle.
11. Windpipe.
12. Crest.
13. Withers.
14. Shoulder.
15. Point of shoulder.
16. Arm.
17. Elbow or elbow
joint.
18. Forearm.
19. Knee.
20. Cannons.
21. Fetlocks.
22. Pasterns.
23. Feet.
24. Breast.
25. Girth.
26. Barrel, or ribs.
27. Fore flank.
28. Back.
29. Loin.
30. Hind flank.
31. Underline.
32. Hip.
33. Croup, or rump.
34. Tail.
35. Buttock.
36. Quarter.
37. Thigh.
38. Stifle joint.
39. Gaskin, lower thigh
stifle, or leg.
40. Hock.
THE SCORE CABD IN STOCK BREEDING.
9
AMERICAN SADDLE HORSE.
I. B. Nail, secretary American Saddle Horse Breeders' Associa- tion, Louisville, Ky., states:
We have no score card for animals. In the early organization of our asso- ciation we accepted saddle horses and admitted to register where they showed five distinct gaits, viz, walk, trot, canter, and running walk, fox trot, or slow pace. Of course the show ring requires speed at these gaits and also style and finish. Our rules now admit to registry stallions and mares only which show the registered strains of blood ; geldings showing it on one side only will be admitted. In show rings these gaits are required to be shown, though many five-gaited horses are trained to walk, trot, and canter only, and are shown in the three-gaited classes.
SHETLAND PONY.
Score card adopted by the American Shetland Pony Club. [Vol. V, American Shetland 1'ony Club Studbook.l
Points.
Constitution. — Constitution indicated by general healthy appearance, per- fect respiration, brightness of eyes 10
Size. — Ponies over four years old, 42 inches and under in height, two points to be deducted for every inch over 42 inches up to 46 inches, fractional portions to count as full inches 25
Head. — Head symmetrical, rather than small and fine, wide between eyes, ears short and erect 10
Body. — Barrel well rounded, back short and level, deep chested, good breast, compact, " pony built " 10
Legs. — Legs muscular, flat boned, hind legs not cow hocked or too crooked-- 25
Mane and tail.— Foretop, mane, and tail heavy 10
Feet. — Good 10
Total 100
SHIRE.
Charles Burgess, secretary American Shire Horse Association, Wenona, 111., says :
Our association has never adopted an official score card for Shire horses. Size, quality, and choice breeding are what we advocate.
31056— No. 76—05 m 2
10
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
CATTLE— BEEF AND DUAL PURPOSE.
'4 f\
ft-
PlO. 2.— Points of beef cattle, side view.
1. Muzzle.
2. Mouth.
3. Nostril.
7. Eye.
8. Ear.
9. Poll.
10. Horn.
11. Neck.
12. Throat.
13. Dewlap.
14. Top of neck, or crest.
16. Top of shoulder.
17. Shoulder.
18. Point of shoulder.
19. Arm.
20. Shank.
21. Brisket.
22. Topline.
23. Crops.
25. Ribs, or barrel.
26. Pore flank.
27. Back, or chine.
28. Loin.
29. Hind flank.
30. Underline, or
torn line.
81. Hip, point of hip, hook, or hook bone.
32. Rump.
33. Tailhead. 36. Buttocks. 36. Thigh.
bot- 38. Hock. 40. Navel.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
11
ABERDEEN ANGUS.
Score card adopted by the American Aberdeen Angus Breeders' Association.
FOR BULL.
Points.
Color. — Black. White is objectionable, except on the underline behind the navel, and there only to a moderate extent ; a white cod is most undesirable 3
Head. — Forehead broad ; face slightly prominent and tapering toward the nose ; muzzle fine ; nostrils wide and open ; distance from eyes to nos- trils of moderate length ; eyes mild, full, and expressive, indicative of good disposition : ears of good medium size, well set and well covered with hair ; poll well defined, and without any appearance of horns or scurs ; jaws clean 10 •
Throat. — Clean, without any development of loose flesh underneath 3
Neck. — Of medium length, muscular, with moderate crest (which in- creases with age),. spreading out to meet the shoulders, with full neck vein 3
Shoulders. — Moderately oblique, well covered on the blades and top ; with vertebra or backbone slightly above the scapula or shoulder blades, which should be moderately broad 6
Chest. — Wide and deep; also round and full just back of elbows 10
Brisket. — Deep and moderately projecting from between the legs and pro- portionately covered with flesh and fat 4
Ribs. — Well sprung from the backbone, arched and deep, neatly joined to
the crops and loins 8
Back. — Broad and straight from crops to hooks ; loins strong ; hook bones moderate in width, not prominent, and well covered ; rumps long, full, level, and rounded neatly into hindquarters 10
Hind quarters. — Deep and full, thighs thick and muscular, and in pro- portion to hind quarters ; twist filled out well in its " seam " so as to form an even wide plain between thighs 8
Tail. — Fine, coming neatly out of the body on a line with the back and
hanging at right angles to it 3
Underline. — Straight as nearly as possible ; flank deep and full 4
Legs. — Short, straight, and squarely placed ; hind legs slightly inclined
forward below the hocks ; forearm muscular ; bones fine and clean 4
Flesh. — Even and without patchiness 4
Skin. — Of moderate thickness and mellow touch, abundantly covered with thick soft hair. (Much of the thriftiness, feeding properties, and value of the animal depend upon this quality, which is of great weight in the grazier's and butcher's judgment. A good " touch " will com- pensate for some deficiencies of form. Nothing can compensate for a skin hard and stiff. In raising the skin from the body it should have a substantial, soft, flexible feeling, and when beneath the outspread hand it should move easily, as though resting on a soft cellular sub- stance, which, however, becomes firmer as the animal ripens. A thin,
papery skin is objectionable, especially in a cold climate) 10
General Appearance. — Elegant, well bred, and masculine. The walk
square, the step quick, and the head up 10
Total 100
When bulls are exhibited with their progeny in a separate class, add 25 points for progeny.
12
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
FOB COW.
Points.
Color. — Black. White is objectionable, except on underline behind the
navel, and there only to a moderate extent 2
Head. — Forehead moderately broad and slightly indented, tapering to- ward the nose; muzzle fine; nostrils wide and open; distance from eyes to nostrils of moderate length; eyes full, bright and expressive, indicative of good disposition ; ears large, slightly rising upward, and well furnished with hair ; poll well defined and without any appearance of horns or scurs ; jaws clean 10
Throat. — Clean, without any development of loose flesh underneath 3
Neck. — Of medium length, spreading out to meet the shoulders, with full neck vein 3
Shoulders. — Moderately oblique, well covered on blades and top ; with vertebra or backbone slightly above the scapula or shoulder blades, which should be moderately broad 6
Chest. — Wide and deep ; round and full just back of elbows 10
Brisket. — Deep and moderately projecting from between the legs, and proportionately covered with flesh and fat 4
Ribs. — Well sprung from backbone, arched and deep, neatly joined to the crops and loins 8
Back. — Broad and straight from crops to hooks ; loins strong ; hook bones moderate in width, not prominent, and well covered ; rumps long, full, level, and rounded neatly into hindquarters 10
Hindquarters. — Deep and full; thighs thick and muscular, and in propor- tion with hindquarters ; twist filled out well in its " seam " so as to form an even wide plain between thighs 8
Tail. — Fine, coming neatly out of the body on a line with the back, and
hanging at right angles to it 3
Udder. — Not fleshy, coming well forward in line with the body and well up behind ; teats squarely placed, well apart, and of good size 8
Underline. — Straight, as nearly as possible; flank deep and full 4
Legs. — Short, straight, and squarely placed ; hind legs slightly inclined forward below the hocks ; forearm muscular ; bones fine and clean 3
Flesh. — Even and without patchiness__ 3
Skin. — Of moderate thickness and mellow touch, abundantly covered with thick, soft hair. (Much of the thriftiness, feeding properties, and value of the animal depend upon this quality, which is of great weight in the grazier's and butcher's judgment. A good " touch " will compensate for some deficiencies of form. Nothing can compensate for a skin hard and stiff. In raising the skin from the body it should have a substantial, soft, flexible feeling, and when beneath the outspread hand it should move easily, as though resting on a soft, cellular substance, which, how-
ever, becomes firmer as the animal ripens. A thin, papery skin is objec- tionable, especially in a cold climate) 10
General appearance. — Elegant, well bred, and feminine. The walk
square, the step quick, and the head up 5
Total - 100
In judging heifers, omit udder and add 3 points to flesh and 5 points to gen- eral appearance.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
13
BROWN SWISS.
Score card adopted by the Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Association.
Points.
Head. — Medium size and rather long 2
Face. — Dished, broad between the eyes and narrow between the horns 2
Ears. — A deep orange color within 1
Nose. — Black, square, and with the mouth surrounded by a light, meal- colored band, tongue black 2
Eyes. — Full and placid 1
Horns. — Rather short, flattish, and regularly set, with black tips 5
Neck. — Straight, rather long, and not too heavy at shoulders 4
Chest. — Broad and deep 4
Back. — Level to the setting on of the tail and broad across the loin G
Barbel. — Hooped, broad and deep at the flank 8
Hips. — Wide apart, rump long and broad 4
Thighs. — Wide, with heavy quarters 4
Legs. — Short and straight, with good hoofs 4
Tail. — Slender, pliable, not too long, with good switch 4
Hide. — Thin and movable 3
Color. — Shades from dark brown to light brown, and at some seasons of the year gray; slight splashes of white near udder not objectionable;
light stripe along the back 0
Hair. — Between horns light, not reddish; hair inside of ears light. (No points.)
Fore udder. — Full in form and carried up, reaching far forward on the
abdomen 10
Hind udder. — Not too deeply hung, full in form and well up behind 10
Teats. — Bather large, set well apart, and hanging straight down 5
Milk veins. — Prominent 4
Escutcheon. — High and broad and full in thighs 7
Disposition. — Quiet and good-natured 4
Total 100
In judging bulls and heifers, omit fore udder, hind udder, and teats; color should be dark brown.
DEVON.
Score card adopted by the American Devon Cattle Club.
BULL.
Points.
Head. — Masculine, full and broad, tapering toward the nose, which should be flesh colored ; nostrils high and open, muzzle broad, eyes full and placid and surrounded with flesh-colored ring; ears of medium size and thickness; horns medium size, growing at right angles from the head or slightly elevated, waxy at the base, tipped with a darker shade. 10
Cheek. — Full and broad at root of tongue ; throat clean 2
Neck. — Medium length and muscular, widening from the head to the shoulders and strongly set on ' 4
Shouldebs. — Fine, flat, sloping, and well fleshed ; arms strong, with firm joints 6
14
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Points.
Chest. — Deep, broad, and somewhat circular 10
Kibs. — Well sprung from the backbone, nicely arched, deep, with flanks
fully developed 10
Back. — Straight and level from the withers to the setting on of the tail ; loin broad and full ; hips and rump of medium width and on a level
with the back 20
Hind quarters. — Deep, thick, and square 12
Tail. — Well «et on at a right angle with the back, tapering, with a switch
of white or roan hair and reaching the hocks 2
Legs. — Short, straight, and squarely placed when viewed from behind,
not to cross or sweep in walking ; hoof well formed 4
Skin. — Moderately thick and mellow, covered with an abundant coat of rich hair of a red color ; no white spot admissible unless around the
purse 8
Size. — Minimum weight at 3 years old, 1,400 pounds 4
General appearance. — As indicated by stylish and quick movement, form, constitution, and vigor, and the under line as nearly as possible parallel with the line of the back 8
Total 100
cow.
Point*.
Head. — Moderately long, with a broad, indented forehead, tapering consid- erably toward the nostrils ; the nose of a flesh color, nostrils high and open, the jaws clean, the eye bright, lively, and prominent, and sur- rounded by a flesh-colored ring ; throat clean, ears thin, the expression gentle and intelligent; horns matching, spreading and gracefully turned up, of a waxy color, tipped with a darker shade 8
Neck. — Upper line short, line at head, widening and deep at withers and strongly set to the shoulders 4
Shoulders. — Fine, flat, and sloping, with strong arms and firm joints 4
Chest. — Deep, broad, and somewhat circular in character 8
Ribs. — Well sprung from the backbone, nicely arched, deep, with flanks fully developed 8
Back. — Straight and level from the withers to the setting on of the tail ; loin broad and full ; hips and rump of medium width and on a level with the back 16
Hind quarters. — Deep, thick, and square 8
Udder. — Not fleshy, coming well forward in line with the belly and well up behind ; teats moderately large, and squarely placed 20
Tail. — Well set on at a right angle with the back, tapering, with a switch
of white or roan hair and reaching the hocks 2
Legs. — Straight, squarely placed when viewed from behind, not to cross
or sweep in walking ; hoof well formed 4
Skin. — Moderately thick and mellow, covered with an abundant coat of rich hair of a red color; no white spot admissible, except the udder 8
Size. — Minimum weight at 3 years old, 1,000 pounds 2
General appearance. — As indicated by stylish and quick movement, form, constitution,- and vigor, and the under line as nearly as possible parallel, with the line of the back 8
Total 100
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
15
GALLOWAY.
The following standard of excellence was prepared by Mr. O. H. Swigart, Champaign, 111., a prominent breeder and president of the American Galloway Breeders' Association. It is the standard for a typical Galloway as drawn up by the council of the Galloway Cattle Society of Great Britain in 1883, with revisions by Mr. Swigart. Those parts in parentheses are amendments made by Mr. Swigart to indicate the tendencies of modern breeders in America :
Color. — Black, with a brownish tinge. (Entirely black not objectionable.) Head. — Short and wide, with broad forehead and wide nostrils, without the slightest trace of horns or scurs. (Crown wide and oval, not rising to a point.) Eye. — Large and prominent.
Ear. — Moderate in length (inclining toward shortness), clean, and filling well into the shoulder (in such manner as to make neck and shoulder of fleshy ani- mals appear molded as one piece). The top of the neck in line with the back in a female, and in a male gradually rising with age.
Body. — Deep, rounded, and symmetrical. (Well spread and of moderate length.)
Shoulders. — Fine and straight, moderately wide above. Coarse shoulder points and sharp or high shoulders are objectionable. (Substitute the word "smooth" for "fine," as small, undeveloped shoulders are objectionable.)
Ribs. — Deep and well sprung, loin and sirloin well filled. (Crops well filled, carrying width of body at ribs and shoulders through on about same line.)
Hook bones. — Not prominent. (In fleshy animals not visible.)
Hind quarters. — Long, moderately wide, and well filled. (Cut out the word ' moderately." )
Thighs. — Broad, straight, and well let down at hock. Rounded buttocks are very objectionable. Legs. — Short and clean, with fine bone.
Tail. — Well set on and moderately thick. (Cut out the words "moderately thick" and substitute the words "carrying a good bush.")
Skin. — Mellow and moderately thick. (Substitute the word "thin" for " thick.")
Hair. — Soft and wavy, with mossy undercoat. (Harsh), wiry, or curly hair is very objectionable. (Cut out the words " or curly " and substitute " harsh." Curly hair, if soft, is not objectionable.)
16
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
POINTS TO BE AVOIDED.
Mr. James Biggar, " The Grange," Dalbeattie, Scotland, judge of fat classes at a recent International (1902), at Chicago, prepared the following list of " Points to be avoided " for McCrae's History of Galloways twenty years ago.
With very slight revision, they are as pertinent to-day as the day they were written.
Long, narrow head, with light crown.
Narrow tapering muzzle.
Long, drooping ears.
Small, deep-set eyes.
Small, light neck.
Light, scraggy breast.
High, narrow shoulders.
Flatness behind shoulders.
Light fore or back ribs.
Square, prominent hook bones.
High or drooping rumps.
Weak or slack loins.
Bounded buttocks.
Fleshy, double thighs.
Big, coarse bones.
Thick, stiff skin.
Hard, wiry hair, without soft undercoat.
RED POLLED.
The essential features of Red Polled cattle are given as follows by the authorities of the Red Polled Herd Book :
Coloe. — Bed. The switch of the tail should be mixed with white. A portion of the udder may be white, and also a little white on the belly along the milk veins. Any additional white markings shall disqualify.
Polled. — There must be no horns, slugs, or abortive horns. Should any ani- mal which has been admitted to registry afterwards develop horns or scurs, the registration of such animal shall be canceled and its progeny debarred from registration.
SUSSEX.
Overton Lea, secretary American Sussex Association, Nashville, Tenn., says:
Neither the American Sussex Association nor the English Sussex Herd Book Society use a score card.
The general rule is, other things being equal, the greater excellence lies in the same weight in the smaller animal. The Sussex has been noted from the earliest days for great weight in a small compass, and the object of intelligent breeders is to preserve this distinctive feature, while encouraging early ma- turity and improving quality. All well-bred and well-fattened Sussex cattle carry heavy flesh on the back, thickness up and down rather than across the back, which gives them great weight for size and makes them a popular beast with the butcher.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
17
HOGS.
Flo. 4.— Points of the hog, three-quarters front view.
2. Face. 9. Arm.
3. Eye. 11. Leg.
i. Ears. 14. Topline.
5. Jowl. 15. Crops.
7. Shoulder vein, or 16. Back.
neck vein. 17. Loin.
8. Shoulder. 18. Side.
19. Ribs. 25. Rump.
20. Belly. 26. Tail.
21. Fore flank. 28. Thigh.
22. Underline, or bot- 29. Buttock.
tomline. 31. Hock.
23. Hind flank.
24. Hip.
|
I/J. |
||
|
Fig. 5. |
||
|
1. Snout. |
12. |
Pastern. |
|
5. Jowl. |
13. |
Feet. |
|
6. Neck. |
15. |
Crops. |
|
8. Shoulder. |
1«. |
Back. |
|
9. Arm. |
17. |
Loin. |
|
10. Breast, or brisket. |
18. |
Side. |
19. Ribs.
20. Belly.
21. Fore flank.
23. Hind flank.
24. Hip. .
25. Rump.
27. Ham, or gammon.
29. Buttocks.
30. Twist, or crotch.
31. Hock.
31056— No. 76—05 M-
18
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
BERKSHIRE.
Score card adopted by the American Berkshire Association.
Points.
Color. — Black, but skin and hair occasionally showing tinge of bronze or copper color, with white on feet, face, tip of tail, and occasional splash
on arnu 4
Face and snout. — The latter short, broad, and meaty, the former fine,
well dished, and broad between the eyes 9
Eye. — Very clear, rather large, dark hazel or gray 2
Ear. — Sometimes almost erect, but generally inclined forward, medium
size 4
Jowl. — Full and heavy, running back well on neck 4
Neck. — Short and broad on top 4
Hair. — Fine and soft, inclined to thickness in male 3
Skin. — Smooth and pliable 4
Shoulder. — Smooth and even on top and in line with side, thick through
chest 7
Back. — Broad, long, and straight, or slightly arched, ribs well sprung 10
Side. — Deep and well let down, straight side and bottom line 6
Flank. — Well back and low down on leg, making nearly a straight line
with lower part of side : 5
Loin. — Full and wide 8
Ham. — Deep and thick, extending well up on back and holding thickness
well down to hock 10
Tail. — Well up on line with back, not too line, short, or tapering 2
Legs and feet. — Short, straight, and strong, set wide apart, with hoofs
nearly erect and capable of holding good weight 8
Size and symmetry. — Size all that is possible without loss of quality or
symmetry, with good length 7
Style. — Attractive, spirited, indicative of thorough breeding and consti- tutional vigor 3
Total 100
Score card adopted by the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine. detailed description.
Head and face. — Head short, broad, coming well forward at poll ; face short and fine and well dished, broad between the eyes, tapering from eyes to point of nose, surface even and regular.
Objections. — Head long, narrow, and coarse; forehead low and narrow; jaws narrow or contracted; lower jaw extending beyond upper ; face long, straight between eyes ; nose coarse, thick, or crooked, or ridgy.
Eyes. — Very clear, rather large, dark, hazel, or gray.
Objections. — Small, dull, bloodshot, deep set, or obscure; vision impaired by wrinkles, fat, or other cause.
Ears. — Generally almost erect, but sometimes inclined forward with advanc- ing age ; medium size, thin, and soft.
Objections. — Large, coarse, thick, round, or drooping ; long or large knuck ; dif- ference in form, size, or position one with the other; animal unable to control their position.
THE SCOBE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
19
Neck. — Full, deep, short, and slightly arched; broad on top; well connected with shoulder. Objections. — Long, flat, lacking in fullness and depth. Jowl. — Full, firm, and neat, carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket. Objections. — Light, flabby, thin, tucked up, or wrinkled.
Shouldeb. — Broad, deep, and full ; not extended above line of back and being as wide on top as back, carrying size down to line of belly and having lateral width.
Objections. — Lacking in depth or width; thick beyond the line of sides and hams or extending above line of back ; heavy shields on hogs under 18 months of age.
Chest. — Large, wide, deep, and roomy, full girth ; breastbone curving well forward, extending back on level, not tucked up ; broad between fore legs.
Objections. — Flat, narrow at top or bottom, small girth, lacking depth or full- ness ; breastbone crooked or tucked up.
Back. — Broad and straight, carrying same width from shoulder to ham, sur- face even and smooth, without creases or projections, and not too long.
Objections. — Narrow, swayed, or hollow, dropping below a straight line.
Sides and bibs. — Sides full, smooth, firm, and deep, carrying size down to belly and evenly from ham to shoulder. Bibs long, strong, well sprung at top and bottom.
Objections. — Flat, thin, flabby, not as full at bottom as at top. Bibs weak, not well sprung at top or bottom.
Belly and flank. — Wide, full, and straight on bottom line.
Objections. — Belly narrow and sagging. Flank thin and tucked up.
Ham and bump. — Hams broad, full, and long ; the lower front part of ham should be full and stifle well covered with flesh, coming well down on hock. Bump should have a rounding slope from loin to root of tail, same width as back and filling out op each side and above the tail.
Objections. — Ham narrow, short, thin, not projecting beyond and coming down on hock ; cut up too high in crotch. Bump flat, narrow, and too steep.
Legs and feet. — Legs short, straight, and strong, set wide apart, with hoofs erect and capable of holding good weight.
Objections. — Legs long, slim, coarse, crooked ; muscles light ; pastern long, slim, or flat. Feet long or sprawling.
Tail. — Set well up, fine, tapering, and neatly curled.
Objections. — Coarse and straight, too low.
Coat. — Fine, straight, smooth, lying close to and covering the body well, not clipped, evenly distributed over body.
Objections. — Hair coarse, harsh, wavy, or curly, not evenly distributed over body, swirls or clipped.
Colob. — Black with white on feet, face, tip of tail, and an occasional splash on arm.
Objections. — Solid black or black points, or white spots on body.
Size. — Large for age. Boar 2 years and over not less than 450 pounds ; sow, same age, 400 pounds. Boar 18 months, 350 pounds ; sow, same age, 325 pounds.' Boar 12 months, 300 pounds; sow, same age, 275 pounds. Boar and sow, 6 months, 150 pounds.
Objections. — Underweight, coarse, not in good form to fatten.
Action and style. — Action, vigorous. Style, graceful and attractive.
Objections. — Dull, sluggish, and clumsy.
20
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Condition. — Healthy ; skin clear of scurf, scales, or sores ; soft and mellow to the touch. Flesh tine, evenly laid on, and free from lumps. Hair soft and lying close to body. Good feeding qualities.
Objections. — Unhealthy ; skin scaly, scabby, or harsh ; flabbiness or lumpy flesh ; too much fat for breeding. Hair harsh, dry, and standing up from body ; poor feeders ; deafness, partial or total.
Disposition. — Quiet and gentle and easy to handle.
Objections. — Cross, restless, vicious, and wild.
disqualifications.
Form. — Very large and heavy or drooping ears ; small, cramped chest ; crease back of shoulders and over the back so as to cause a depression in back easily noticed ; deformed or crooked legs ; feet broken down, so that the animal walks on pastern joints.
Size. — Overgrown, gangling, narrow, contracted, or not two-thirds large enough for age.
Condition. — Barrenness, deformed, seriously diseased, total blindness from any cause.
Score. — Less than 00 points. Pedigree. — Not eligible to record.
CHESHIRE.
Score card adopted by the Cheshire Swine Breeders' Association. [Vol. Ill, Cheshire Herd Book.]
Points.
Head. — Short to medium in length, short in proportion to length of body.- 8
Face. — Somewhat dished and wide between eyes 8
Jowl. — Medium in fullness 3
Ears. — Small, fine, erect, and in old animals slightly pointed forward 5
Neck. — Short and broad 3
Shoulders. — Broad, full, and deep 6
Girth around heart 8
Back. — Long, broad, and straight nearly to root of tail 10
Side. — Deep and full, nearly straight on bottom line 7
Flank. — Well back and low down, making flank girth nearly equal to
heart girth 3
Hams. — Broad and nearly straight with back, and running well down to- ward hock 10
Legs: — Small and slim, set well apart, supporting body well on toes 10
Tail. — Small, slim, and tapering 3
Hair. — Fine, medium in thickness and quantity 3
Color. — White, and colored hairs to disqualify 2
Skin. — Fine and pliable, small blue spots objectionable, but allowable 3
Symmetry. — Animal well proportioned, handsome, and stylish 8
Total J 100
THE SCOKE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
21
CHESTER WHITE.
Score card adopted by the American Chester White Record Association.
|
Points. |
|
|
Head. — Small, broad, slightly |
|
|
dished |
5 |
|
Eye. — Large and bright |
2 |
|
Ear. — Thin, fine, drooping |
2 |
|
Jowl. — Neat and full |
3 |
|
Neck. — Short, full, well arched |
*> O |
|
Brisket. — Full and deep |
8 |
|
Shoulder. — Broad and deep- |
G |
|
Gibth around heart _ _ _ |
10 |
|
Back. — Straight and broad |
7 |
|
Sides. — Deep and full |
G |
|
Ribs. — Well sprung |
7 |
|
Belly. — Wide and straight |
4 |
Points.
Gibth around flank 10
Ham. — Broad, full, and deep 10
Limbs. — Strong. straight, and
neat 1
Tail. — Tapering, and not coarse.- 2
Coat. — Fine and thick 3
Color. — White 1
Action. — Prompt, easy, and grace- ful 5
Symmetry 4
Total 100
detailed description.
Head. — Short ; broad between the eyes, and nicely tapering from eyes to point of nose ; face slightly dished ; cheeks full.
Objections. — Head coarse, long, and narrow ; face straight or too much dished ; snout coarse or thick.
Eye. — Large, bright, and free from overgrowing fat.
Objections. — Small, dim, or hidden under protruding fat.
Ear. — Drooping ; thin ; pointing outward and forward ; well proportioned to size of body.
Objections. — Too large and coarse ; thick, lopping ; lying too near the face ; stiff, erect, or too small. Jowl. — Full, firm, and neat ; carrying fullness well back to neck and brisket. Objections. — Flabby ; light ; thin in cheek ; tucking up under the neck. Neck. — Full, deep, short, and well arched. Objections. — Long ; flat ; lacking in fullness or depth.
Brisket. — Full ; strong ; well let down ; extending well forward and on line of the belly. Objections. — Narrow or tucked up.
Shoulder. — Broad ; deep ; thickness in proportion to the side and ham ; full and even on top.
Objections. — Thick beyond the line of side and ham ; lacking in depth or width ; blade prominent, or extending above the line of the back.
Gibth around the heart. — Full back of shoulders ; ribs extending well down ; wide and full back of forelegs.
Objections. — Measuring less than flauk or length of body from top of the head to root of the tail.
Back. — Broad; straight, or slightly arched, carrying width well back to the hams, and of medium length.
Objections. — Narrow ; sinking back of shoulders ; narrow across the loin ; swayed ; too long ; sun-fish shaped.
Sides. — Full ; deep ; carrying width and thickness well down and back.
Objections. — Too round or flat ; shallow or thin at the flank.
22
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Ribs. — Well sprung ; carrying fullness well back, and deep.
Objections. — Too flat ; curve of rib too short ; tucking in at bottom ; sagging about loin.
Loin. — Broad, strong, and full.
Objections. — Narrow ; poorly ribbed up ; weak.
Belly. — Wide and straight ; width approximating that of the back.
Objections. — Sagging; narrow; skin coarse, harsh, and thick.
Gibth abound flank. — Flank well let down and full ; loin broad, strong, and full ; measure of flank girth equal to heart girth.
Objections. — Flank thin, tucked in, or cut up too high ; loin narrow or weak.
Ham. — Broad, full, deep, of medium length : coining down well over the hock.
Objections. — Narrow, short ; running too far up the back ; steep at the rump.
Limbs. — Medium length ; short rather than long ; set well apart, and well under ; muscles full above knee and hock ; bone firm and not coarse ; pasterns short and strong ; foot short.
Objections. — Long, slim, coarse, crooked ; muscles light ; pasterns long, slim, or flat ; hoofs long or sprawling.
Tail. — Small, tapering, smooth ; well set on.
Objections. — Coarse; large; too prominent at the root.
Coat. — Fine and thick.
Objections. — Coarse; hair too long; wiry; harsh.
Color. — White. (Blue spots in skin, and black specks, shall not argue im- purity of blood.) Action. — Easy ; prompt ; fine and graceful. Objections. — Dull, sluggish, clumsy.
Symmetry. — Uniform build, and all points in animal in proportion. Objections. — Wanting in some points and too much developed in others.
SERIOUS OBJECTIONS.
Form. — Small growth ; upright ears ; small, cramped chest ; crease back of the shoulders, so as to be readily seen ; deformed and badly crooked legs ; feet broken down so that the animal walks on pastern joints and dewclaws.
DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Condition. — Excessive fat ; barren ; deformed ; unsound or diseased ; ridg- ling, or one-seeded.
Score. — A score of less than CO points of the standard. Pedigree.— Lack of eligibility to record.
Score card adopted by the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Head and face. — Head short and wide ; cheeks neat, but not too full ; jaws broad and strong ; forehead medium, high and wide. Face short and smooth ; wide between the eyes ; nose neat and tapering and slightly dished.
Objections. — Head long, narrow and coarse ; forehead low and narrow ; jaws contracted and weak. Face long, narrow, and straight ; nose coarse, clumsy, or dished like a Berkshire.
Eyes. — Large, bright, clear, and free from wrinkles of surrounding fat.
Objections. — Small, deep, or obscure ; vision impaired in any way.
Ears. — Medium size ; not too thick ; soft ; attached to the head so as not to look clumsy, pointing forward and slightly outward, fully under the control of the animal and drooping so as to give a graceful appearance.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
23
Objections. — Large, upright, coarse, thick, round, too small ; drooping too close to the face, animal not being able to control them. Neck. — Wide, deep, short, and nicely arched.
Objections.— Long, narrow, thin, flat on top, tucked up, not extending down to the breastbone.
Jowl. — Full, smooth, neat, and firm, carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket when the head is carried up level.
Objections. — Light, too large and flabby, rough and deeply wrinkled, not carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket.
Shoulder. — Broad, deep, and full, extending in a straight line with the side and carrying size down to line of belly.
Objections. — Narrow at top or bottom, not full nor same depth as body, ex- tending above line of back, shields on boars too coarse and prominent.
Chest. — Large, deep, and roomy, so as not to cramp vital organs, full in girth around the heart, the breast bone extending forward so as to show slightly in front of legs and let down so as to be even with line of belly, showing a width of not less than 7 inches between fore legs of a full-grown hog.
Objections. — Narrow, pinched, heart girth less than flank girth, too far let down between fore legs, breastbone crooked or too short.
Back and loin. — Back broad on top, straight or slightly arched, uniform width, smooth, free from lumps or rolls, shorter than lower belly line, same height and width at shoulders as at ham ; loin wide and full.
Objections. — Back narrow, crease back of shoulders, sunfish shape, humped, swayed, too long or lumpy rolls, uneven in width, loin narrow, depressed or humped.
Sides and ribs. — Sides •full, smooth, deep, carrying size down to belly, even with line of ham and shoulder ; ribs long, well sprung at top or bottom, giving hog a square form.
Objections. — Flat, thin, flabby, compressed at bottom, shrunken at shoulder and ham, uneven surface ; ribs flat and too short.
Belly and flank. — Same width as back, full, making a straight line and dropping as low at flank as at bottom of chest, line of lower edge running par- allel with sides ; flank full and even with body.
Objections.— Belly narrow, pinched, sagging or flabby ; flank thin, tucked up, or drawn in.
Ham and rump. — Ham broad, full, wide, long, and deep, admitting of no swells ; buttock full, neat, and clean, thus avoiding flabbiness ; stifle well covered with flesh, nicely tapering toward the hock ; rump should have a slightly round- ing shape from loin to root of tail, same width as back, making an even line with sides.
Objections. — Ham narrow, short, not filled out to stifle ; too much cut up in crotch or twist, not coming down to hock ; buttock flabby ; rump flat, narrow, too long, too steep, sharp or peaked at root of tail.
Legs and feet. — Legs short, straight, set well apart, and squarely under body ; bone of good size, firm, well muscled, wide above knee and hock, below knee and hock round and tapering, enabling the animal to carry its weight with ease; pastern short and nearly upright ; feet short, firm, tough, and free from defects.
Objections. — Legs too short, long, slim, crooked, too coarse, too close together ; weak muscles above hock and knee ; bone large and coarse, without taper ; pas- tern long, crooked, slim like a deer's ; hoofs long, slim, weak, toes spreading, crooked, or turned up.
Tail. — Small, smooth, tapering, well set on, root slightly covered with flesh, carried in a curl.
Objections. — Coarse, long, clumsy, set too high or too low, hanging like a rope.
24
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Coat. — Fine, straight or wavy, evenly distributed and covering tbe body well ; nicely clipped coats no objection.
Objections. — Bristles, hair coarse, thin, standing up, not evenly distributed over the body, except the belly.
Color. — White (blue spots or black specks in skin shall not argue Impurity of blood).
Objections. — Color any other than white.
Size. — Large for age and condition. Boar 2 years and over, if in good flesh, should weigh not less than 500 pounds ; sow, same age and condition, not less than 450 pounds. Boars 18 months old, in good flesh, should weigh not less than 400 pounds ; sows, 350. Boars 12 months old, not less than 300 pounds ; sows, 300. Boars and sows 0 months old, not less than 150 pounds each, and other ages in proportion.
Objections. — Overgrown, coarse, uncouth, hard to fatten.
Action and style. — Action, easy and graceful ; style attractive, high car- riage; in males testicles should be readily seen ; same size and carriage.
Objections. — Sluggish, awkward, low carriage, wabbling walk; in males testicles not easily seen, not of same size or carriage or only one showing.
Condition. — Healthy; skin clear and bright, free from scurf and sores; flesh fine and mellow to the touch, evenly laid on and free from lumps ; good feeding qualities.
Objections. — Unhealthy ; Skin scaly, scabby or harsh ; flesh lumpy or flabby ; hair harsh, dry, and standing up from body; poor feeders; total deafness.
Disposition. — Quiet, gentle, and easily handled, with ambition enough to look out for themselves if neglected.
Objections. — Cross, restless, vicious, or wild ; no ambition.
disqualifications.
Form. — Upright ears ; small, cramped chest ; crease around back of shoulders and over the back, causing a depression easily noticed ; feet broken down, causing the animal to walk on joints; deformed or badly crooked legs.
Size. — Chuffy or not two-thirds large enough for age.
Condition. — Squabby fat, deformed, seriously diseased, barrenness, total blindness.
Score. — Less than 00 points. Pedigree. — Not eligible to record. Color. — Black or sandy spots in hair.
OHIO IMPROVED CHESTER SWINE.
|
Score card adopted by the Ohio Improved Chester Swine Breeders' |
Association. |
||
|
Toints. |
Tointa. |
||
|
Color |
_ 2 |
Belly _ _ |
4 |
|
Head and fa7?e |
5 |
Flank _ |
3 |
|
Ears_ |
9 |
Ham and rump |
10 |
|
Jowl |
9 |
Tail |
-2 |
|
Neck |
o |
Legs - |
5 |
|
Brisket |
4 |
Feet |
4 |
|
Shoulders ... |
0 |
Coat |
- 3 |
|
Chest and heart girth- |
10 |
Action _ |
_ 3 |
|
Back |
7 |
Symmetry . _ |
5 |
|
Sides _ |
0 |
||
|
Ribs |
Total . |
100 |
|
|
Loin |
7 |
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
25
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Color. — White. Black spots in hair disqualify, but blue spots iu hide (com- monly known as freckles) while objectionable do not argue impurity of blood. Objections. — Color any other than white.
Head and face. — Head short and wide; cheeks neat (not too full) ; jaws broad and strong; forehead medium, high, and wide; face short and smooth; wide be- tween the eyes, which should be prominent, clear, and bright, and free from surrounding fat ; nose neat, tapering, and slightly dished.
Objections. — Head long, narrow, or coarse ; forehead low and narrow ; jaws contracted and weak ; face long, narrow, and straight ; nose coarse, clumsy, or dished like a Berkshire ; eyes small, deeply sunken, or obscure ; impaired vision.
Ears. — Medium size, soft, not too thick, not clumsy, pointing forward and slightly outward, drooping gracefully and fully under control of the animal.
Objections. — Too large or too small ; coarse ; thick ; stiff or upright ; droop- ing too close to face ; not under control.
Brisket. — Full; well let down; joined well to jowl in line with belly.
Objections. — Narrow ; tucked up or depressed.
Jowl. — Smooth ; neat ; firm ; full ; carrying fullness well back to shoulders and brisket when head is carried up level.
Objections. — Light ; rough and deeply wrinkled ; too large and flabby ; not carrying fullness back to shoulders and brisket.
Neck. — Wide; deep; short and nicely arched; neatly tapering from head to shoulder.
Objections. — Narrow; thin; long; flat on top ; tucked up; not extending down to breast bone.
Shoulders. — Broad; deep and full; extending in line with the side, and car- rying size down to line of belly.
Objections. — Deficient in width or depth ; extending above line of back ; thick beyond line of sides and hams ; shields on boars too coarse and prominent.
Chest and heart girth. — Full around the heart and back of the shoulders ; ribs extending well down ; wide and full back of fore legs.
Objections. — Narrow ; pinched ; heart girth less than flank measure or length of body from top of head to root of tail ; or creased back of shoulders.
Back. — Broad; straight or slightly arched ; uniform width ; free from lumps or rolls ; same height and width at shoulder as at ham.
Objections. — Narrow ; swayed ; humped ; creasing back of shoulders ; sun- fisli-shaped ; uneven width ; lumps or rolls.
Sides. — Full ; smooth ; deep ; carrying size down to line of belly ; even with line of ham and shoulder.
Objections. — Flat; thin; flabby; uneven surface; compressed at bottom; shrunken at shoulder and ham.
Bibs. — Long; well sprung at top and bottom, giving animal a square form.
Objections. — Too short ; flat.
Loin. — Broad and full.
Objections. — Narrow ; depressed.
Belly. — Same width as back; full; straight; drooping as low at flank as at bottom of chest; line of lower edge running parallel with sides. Objections. — Narrow ; pinched ; sagging or flabby. Flank. — Full and even with body. Objections. — Thin, tucked up, or drawn in.
Ham and rump. — Broad; full; long; wide and deep, admitting of no swells ; buttocks full, neat, and clean ; stifle well covered with flesh, nicely
3105(5— No. 7(3—05 m 4
20
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
tapering toward the bock ; rump slightly rounding from loin to root of tail, same width as back, making an even line with sides.
Objections. — Narrow ; short ; not filled out to stifle ; too much cut up in crotch or twist ; not coming down to hock ; buttocks flabby ; rump flat, narrow, too long, too steep, sharp or peaked at root of tail.
Tail. — Small; smooth; nicely tapering; root slightly covered with flesh; carried in a curl.
Objections. — Coarse ; too long ; clumsy ; straight.
Legs. — Medium length ; strong and straight ; set well apart and well under body ; bone of good size ; firm ; well muscled ; wide above knee and hock, round and tapering below knee and hock, enabling the animal to carry its weight with ease ; pasterns short ar.d nearly upright.
Objections. — Too short or too long ; weak ; crooked ; too close together ; muscle weak ; bone too large and coarse, without taper ; pasterns long, crooked, or slim.
Feet. — Short ; firm ; tough ; animal standing well up on toes.
Objections. — Hoofs long, slim, weak ; toes spreading, crooked, or turned up.
Coat. — Fine; either straight or wavy, with preference for straight; evenly distributed and covering the body well ; nicely clipped coats no objection.
Objections. — Bristles; swirls; hair coarse, thin, standing up, not evenly distributed over all the body except the belly.
Action. — Easy and graceful; high carriage; active; gentle and easily han- dled. In males testicles should be readily seen and of same size and carriage.
Objections. — Sluggish; awkward; low carriage; wild; vicious. In males testicles not distinctly visible or not of same size and carriage.
Symmetry. — A fit proportion of the several parts of the body to each other, forming a harmonious combination.
Objections. — A disproportionate development in one or more points, or lack of proper development in any point.
DUROC JERSEY.
Standard of excellence adopted hy the American Duroc Jersey Swine Breeders'
Association.
COLOR.
The color is a very important factor in establishing the fancy markings of any of the improved breeds of swine, and it seems as though the Duroc Jersey is no exception. Our breeders (at least many of them) seem not to have the right idea as to what our " standard of characteristics " means by the term " cherry red."
There are many shades of red, and we shall here endeavor to make some suggestions which will enable breeders to give the exact color of their hogs sent in for registration.
The best way is to take a few hairs from the back of the animal and hold them in a bright light, and then you can tell very accurately the exact color. If the hair is a clear, deep red, not shading brown or black at the end, you have a cherry-red color and should be recorded as " cherry red." Should the hair be as above and shading brown or black, it should be recorded as " dark cherry." Should the hair be lighter and glossy in the sunlight, they should be recorded as " bright red " or " bright cherry." Should the hair be light and have a dull
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
27
appearance, it should be recorded as " medium." Should the hair be dark or shading black, it should be recorded as " dark red."
The most fashionable color and one our breeders should use every possible means to establish in their herds is a "cherry red," and as speedily as possible discard all animals with black spots or flecks and avoid very light or dark shades in their selection of breeding animals.
SCORE CARD.
[American Duroe Jersey Record, Volume XV. 1004.] REVISED SCALE OF POINTS.
Points.
Head and face 4
Eyes i 2
Ears 2
Neck 2
Jowl 2
Shoulders 6
Chest 12
Back and loins 15
Sides and ribs . 8
Belly and flank 0
Hams and rump 10
Points.
Legs and feet 10
Tail 1
Coat 2
Color 2
Size 5
Action and style 4
Condition 4
Disposition 3
Total 100
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Practically the same as that in the score card of the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine.
DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Form. — Ears standing erect ; small, cramped chest, and crease back of shoul- ders, so as to cause a depression in the back easily noticed ; seriously deformed legs and badly broken-down feet.
Size. — Very small, or not over half size as given in this standard.
Conditions. — Excessive fatness ; barrenness ; deformed ; seriously diseased, and blindness.
Score. — Less than 50 points.
Pedigree. — Not eligible to record.
Score card adopted by the National Duroc Jersey Record Association. [National Duroc-.Iersey Record, Volume XI, 1903.] SCALE OF POINTS.
Same as that of the American Duroc Jersey Swine Breeders' Association, except that 2 points are allowed for head and 4 for eyes.
detailed description.
Practically the same as that in the score card of the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine.
28
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Score card adopted hy the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Head and face. — Head small in proportion to size of body, wide between eyes; face nicely dished (about halfway between a Poland China and a Berk- shire) and tapering well down to the nose; surface smooth and even.
Objections. — Large and coarse, narrow between the eyes ; face straight ; crooked nose, or too much dished.
Eyes. — Lively, bright, and prominent.
Objections. — Dull, weak, and obscure.
Ears. — Medium, moderately thin, pointing forward, downward, and slightly outward, carrying a slight curve, attached to head very neatly.
Objections. — Very large, nearly round, too thick, swinging or flabby, not of same size, different position, and not under control of animal.
Neck. — Short, thick, and very deep and slightly arching.
Objections. — Long, shallow, and thin.
Jowl. — Broad, full, and neat, carrying fullness back to point of shoulders and on a line with breastbone.
Objections. — Too large, loose, and flabby, small, thin, and wedging.
Shoulders. — Moderately broad, very deep and full, carrying thickness well down and not extending above line of back.
Objections. — Small, thin, shallow, extending above line of back. Boars under 1 year old heavily shielded.
Chest. — Large, very deep, filled full behind shoulders, breastbone extending well forward so as to be readily seen.
Objections. — Flat, shallow, or not extending well down between fore legs.
Back and loin. — Back medium in breadth, straight, or slightly arching, carrying even widtli from shoulder to ham, surface even and smooth.
Objections. — Narrow, creased behind shoulders, swayed or humpbacked.
Sides and ribs. — Sides very deep, medium in length, level between shoulders and hams and carrying out full down to line of belly. Ribs long, strong, and sprung in proportion to width of shoulders and hams.
Objections. — Flabby, creased, shallow, and not carrying proper width from top to bottom.
Belly and flank. — Straight and full and carrying well out to line of sides. Flank well down to lower line of sides.
Objections. — Narrow, tucked up or drawn in, sagging or flabby.
Hams and rump. — Broad, full, and well let down to the hock ; buttock full and coming nearly down and filling full between hocks. Rump should have a round slope from loin to root of tail, same width as back and well filled out around tail.
Objections. — Ham narrow, short, thin, not projecting well down to hock; cut up too high in crotch. Rump narrow, flat, or peaked at root of tail ; too steep.
Legs and feet. — Medium size and length, straight, nicely tapered, wide apart and well set under the body, pasterns short and strong. Feet short, firm, and tough.
Objections. — Legs extremely long, or very short, slim, coarse, crooked ; legs as large below knee and hock as above; set too close together; hocks turned in or out of straight line. Feet; hoofs long, slim, and weak; toes spreading or crooked.
Tail. — Medium; large at base and nicely tapering and rather bushy at end. Objections. — Extremely heavy ; too long and ropy.
Coat. — Moderately thick and fine; straight, smooth, and covering the body well.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
29
Objections. — Too many bristles ; hair coarse, harsh, and rough ; wavy or curly, swirls or not evenly laid over the body. Color. — Cherry red, without other admixtures.
Objections. — Very dark red or shading brown, very pale or light red, black spots over the body ; black flecks on belly and legs not desirable, but admissible.
Size. — Large for age and condition. Boars 2 years old and over should weigh COO pounds ; sow same age and condition, 500 pounds ; boars 18 months, 475 Itounds ; sow, 400 pounds ; boars 12 months. 350 pounds ; sow, 300 pounds ; boar and sow pigs 6 months, 150 pounds. These figures are for animals in a fair show condition.
Objections. — Rough and coarse and lacking in feeding qualities.
Action and style. — Action, vigorous and animated. Style, free and easy.
Objections. — Dull or stupid, awkward and wabbling. In boars testicles not easily seen nor of same size or carriage; too large or only one showing.
Condition. — Healthy ; skin free from any scurf, scales, sores, and mange ; flesh evenly laid over the entire body and free from any lumps.
Objections. — Unhealthy, scurfy, scaly, sores, mange; too fat for breeding pur- poses ; hair harsh and standing up ; poor feeders.
Disposition. — Very quiet and gentle; easily handled or driven.
Objections. — Wild, vicious or stubborn.
disqualifications.
Form. — Ears standing erect, small cramped chest, and crease back of shoul- ders and over back so as to cause a depression in the back easily noticed ; seriously deformed legs, or badly broken down feet.
Size. — Very small, or not two-thirds large enough as given by the standard.
Score. — Less than 50 points.
Pedigree. — Not eligible to record.
HAMPSHIRE (THIN RIND) .
Score card adopted by the American Hampshire Sicine Record Association.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Points.
Head and face. — Head medium length, rather narrow, cheeks not full ; face nearly straight and medium width between the eyes, surface even
and regular 4
Objections. — Head large, tyarse, and ridgy; nose crooked or much dished.
Eyes. — Bright and lively, free from wrinkles or surrounding fat 2
Objections. — Small, deep, or obscure, or vision impaired by fat or other cause.
Ears. — Medium length, thin, slightly inclined outward and forward 2
Objections. — Large, coarse, thick, large, or long knuek, drooping or not under good control of the animal. Neck. — Short, well set to shoulders, tapering from shoulders to head 2
Objections. — Long, thick, or bulky. Jowl. — Light and tapering from neck to point, neat and firm 2
Objections. — Large, broad, deep, or flabby. Shoulders. — Deep, medium width and fullness, well in line with back — 6
Objections. — Narrow on top or bottom, thick beyond line with sides and hams.
30
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Points.
Chest. — Large, Jeep, and roomy ; full girth, extending down even with
line of belly 12
Objections. — Narrow at top or bottom; small girth, cramped or tucked up.
Back asd loin. — Back straight or slightly arched ; medium breadth, with nearly uniform thickness from shoulders to hams and full at loin;
sometimes higher at hips than at shoulders 15
Objections. — Narrow, creased, or drooped behind shoulders ; sur- face ridgy or uneven. Sides and ribs. — Sides full, smooth, firm ; carry size evenly from shoul- ders to hams ; ribs strong, well sprung at top and bottom — 8
Objections.— Sides thin, flat, flabby, or creased, or ribs not well sprung.
Belly and flank. — Straight and full, devoid of grossness ; flank full
and running nearly on line with sides <>
Objections. — Belly sagging or flabby ; flank thin or tucked up. Hams and rump. — Hams of medium width, long and deep ; rump slightly rounded from loin to root of tail ; buttock full and neat and firm,
devoid of flabbiness or excessive fat 10
Objections. — Ham narrow, cut too high in crotch, buttock flabby, rump too flat, too narrow, or too steep or peaked at root of tail. Legs and feet. — Legs medium length, set well apart and squarely under body, wide above knee and bock and rounded and well muscled below, tapering; bone medium; pasterns short and nearly upright; toes short
and firm, enabling the animal to carry its weight with ease 10
Objections. — Legs too long, Slim, crooked, coarse, or short ; weak muscles above hock and knee bone large and coarse and legs without taper ; pasterns too long to correspond with length of leg. too crooked or too slender; feet long, slim and weak; toes spreading, too long, crooked, or turned up.
Tail. — Medium length, slightly curled 1
Objections. — Coarse, long, clumsy, swinging like a pendulum."
Coat. — Fine, straight, smooth 2
Objections. — Bristles or swirls, coarse or curly. Color. — Black, with exception of white belt encircling body, including
forelegs 2
Objections. — White running high on hind legs or extending more than one-fourth length of body, or solid black. Size. — Large for condition ; boar 2 years and over, 450 pounds ; sows same age, 400 pounds ; 18 months boar, 350 pounds ; sow, 325 pounds ; 12
months boar or sow, 300 pounds ; 0 months, both sexes, 140 pounds 5
Action and style. — Active, vigorous, quick, and graceful ; style, attractive
and spirited 4
Objections. — Dull, sluggish, and clumsy. Condition. — Healthy ; skin free from all defects ; flesh evenly laid on and smooth and firm, not patchy, and devoid of all excess of grossness.
Objections. — Skin scurfy, scaly, mangy, or otherwise unhealthy ; hair harsh, dwarfed, or cramped, not growthy.
Disposition. — Docile, quiet, and easily handled 3
Objections. — Cross, restless, vicious, or with no ambition.
Total
90
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
31
DISQ UALIFICATIONS.
Color. — Spotted or more than two-thirds white.
Form. — Any radical deformity, ears very large or drooping over eyes, crooked or weak legs, or broken-down feet.
Condition. — Seriously impaired or diseased, excessive grossness, barrenness in animals over 2 years of age. chuffy or squabby fat.
Size. — Not two-thirds standard weight.
Pedigree. — Not eligible to record.
• i- POLAND CHINA.
Scale of Roints adopted by the Rational Poland China Breeders' Association at the annual meeting held in Chicaf/o in November, 1SS6.
[Ohio Poland. Cbloadierord, Volume XXIV, 1902; American Poland China Record, Volume
XI, 1890.]
Points.
Color. — Dark, spotted, or black 3
Head. — Small, broad ; face slightly dished : 5
Ears. — Fine and drooping 2
Jowl. — Neat and full 2
Neck. — Short, full, slightly arched 3
Brisket.— Full 3
Shoulder. — Broad and deep 6
Girth around heart 10
Back. — Straight and broad 1 7
Sides. — Deep and full C
Bibs. — Well sprung • 7
Loin. — Broad and strong 7
Kelly. — Wide and straight 4
Flank. — Well let down 3.
Ham. — Broad, full, and deep 10
Tail. — Tapering and not coarse 2
Limbs. — Strong, straight, and tapering 7
Coat— Thick and soft 3
Action. — Prompt, easy, and graceful 5
Symmetry. — Adaptation of the several points to each other 5
Total _' „_ 100
detailed description.
Color. — Black or dark spotted, with white points. (Sandy spots and speckled color shall not argue impurity of blood, but are not desirable.)
Objections. — Solid black or with more sandy or white than black hairs on body.
Head. — Short, broad between the eyes, and nicely tapering from eyes to point of nose ; face slightly dished ; cheeks full.
Objections. — Head coarse, long, and narrow ; face too much dished ; snout coarse and thick.
Ears. — Drooping, tine, and silky; pointing forward and a little outward; well proportioned to size of body.
Objections. — Too large and coarse ; thick, lopping ; lying too near the face ; stiff, erect, or too round.
Jowl. — -Full, firm, and neat, carrying fullness well back to shoulder and brisket.
32
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Objections. — Flabby, light, thin in cheeks, tucking up under the neck. Neck. — Full, deep, short, and slightly arched. Objections. — Long, flat, lacking in fullness or depth.
Brisket. — Full, well let down, extending well forward and on line with belly. Objections. — Narrow or tucked up.
Shoulders. — Broad, deep, thickness in proportion to the sides and hams, full and even on top.
Objections. — Lacking in depth or width, thick beyond the lines of the sides and hams, blade too prominent.
Girth around heart. — Full back of shoulders ; ribs extending wjell down ; wide and full back of fore legs.
Objections. — Less than flank measure or length of body from top of head to root of tail, or creased back of shoulders.
Back. — Broad, straight or slightly arched, carrying width well back to hams, and of medium length.
Objections. — Narrow ; creasing back of shoulders ; narrow across the loins ; swayed ; too long ; sunflsh shaped.
Loin. — Broad, strong, and full.
Objections. — Narrow, weak.
Sides. — Full, deep ; carrying sides well down and back.
Objections. — Too round or flat ; shallow or thin at the flank.
Ribs. — Well sprung and long, carrying fullness and depth well back.
Objections. — Too flat ; curve of ribs too short.
Belly. — Wide and straight.
Objections. — Sagging; narrow.
Flank. — Well let down and full.
Objections. — Thin ; tucked in ; cut up too high.
Ham. — Full, broad, deep, holding width and coming well down over hock. Objections. — Narrow, short, too steep at the rump, and cut up too high in crotch.
Tail. — Well set on ; small, smooth and well tapered. Objections. — Coarse, large, too prominent at the root.
Limbs. — Medium length ; well set apart and well tapered ; bone firm and flinty, not coarse ; muscles full above knee and hock ; pastern short ; foot short.
Objections. — Long, slim, coarse, crooked, muscles light; pastern long, slim, or flat ; feet long or sprawling.
Coat. — Fine, thick, and covering the body well.
Objections. — Coarse, bristly, harsh and wiry.
Action. — Easy, prompt, fine, and graceful.
Objections. — Dull, sluggish, clumsy.
Symmetry. — A harmonious combination of the foregoing scale of points. Objections. — Too much developed in some points and lacking in others.
SERIOUS OBJECTIONS.
Form. — Small growth ; upright ears ; small, cramped chest ; crease back of the shoulders, so as to be readily seen ; deformed and badly crooked legs ; feet broken down so that the animal walks on pastern joints and dewclaws.
DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Condition. — Excessive fat ; barren ; deformed ; unsound or diseased ; ridgling or one-seeded.
Score. — A score of less than (30 points of the standard. Pedigree. — Lack of eligibility to record.
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
33
Scale of points adopted by Southwestern Poland China Record Association.
Points.
Head and face 4
Byes 2
Ears 2
Neck 2
Jowl 2
Shoulders G
Chest 12
Back and loin 15
Sides and ribs 8
Belly and flank C
Hams and rump 10
Points.
Feet and legs 10
Tail 1
Coat 2
Color 2
Size 5
Action and style 4
Condition 4
Disposition 3
Total 100
Score card adopted by the Standard Poland China Record Association.
SCALE OF POINTS.
Same as that of National Association of Expert Judges on Swine, except that 4 points are allowed on color and 2 on symmetry.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Head and face. — Head short and wide ; cheeks full ; jaws broad ; forehead high and wide; face short, smooth, wide between the eyes, tapering from eyes to point of nose and slightly dished surface, even and regular.
Objections. — Head long, narrow, coarse ; forehead low and narrow or con- tracted ; lower jaw extending beyond upper ; face long, straight, and narrow between the eyes ; nose coarse, thick, or crooked, ridgy, or dished as much as a Berkshire.
Eyes. — Large, prominent, bright, lively, clear, and free from wrinkled or surrounding fat.
Objections. — Small, dull, bloodshot, deep set, or obscure; vision impaired by wrinkles, fat, or other cause.
Ears. — Small, thin, soft, silky, attached to the head by a short and small knuck, tips pointing forward and slightly outward, and the forward half droop- ing gracefully, fully under control of animal, both of same size, position, and shape.
Neck. — Wide, deep, short, and nicely arched at top from poll of head to shoulder.
Objections. — Long, narrow, thin, flat on top, not extending down to breast bone, tucked up.
Jowl. — Full, broad, deep, smooth, and firm, carrying fullness back near to point of shoulders and below line of lower jaw, so that lower line will be as low as breast bone when head is carried up level.
Objections. — Light, flabby, thin, wedge-shaped, deeply wrinkled, not droop- ing below line of lower jaw, and not carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket.
Shoulder. — Broad, deep, and full, not extending above line of back and being as wide on top as on back, carrying size dawn to line of belly and having good lateral width.
34
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Objections. — Narrow and not same depth as body, narrow at top or bottom or extending above line of back, less than body in breadth at top or bottom portions, or lacking in lateral width ; shields on boars under 8 months of age, or large, heavy shields on hogs under 18 months of age.
Chest. — Large, wide, deep, roomy, indicating plenty of room for vital organs, making a large girth just back of the shoulders, the breastbone extending forward so as to show slightly in front of legs and extending in a straight line back to end of breastbone, showing a width of not less than C inches between fore legs in a large, full-grown hog.
Objections. — Flat, pinched, narrow at top or either end of breastbone ; breast- bone crooked or not extending slightly in front of fore legs.
Back and loin. — Broad, straight, or slightly arched, carrying same width from shoulder to ham ; surface even, smooth, free from lumps, creases or pro- jections ; not too long, but broad on top, indicating well-sprung ribs ; should not be higher on hip than at shoulder, and should fill out at junction with side so that a straightedge placed along top of side will touch all the way from point of shoulder to point of ham ; should be shorter than lower belly line.
Objections. — Narrow, creased back of shoulders, swayed or hollow, drooping below a straight line, humped or wrinkled, too long or sunfish shaped ; loin high, narrow, depressed, or humped up, surface lumpy, creased, ridgy, or uneven ; width at side not as much as shoulder and bain.
Sides and ribs. — Sides full, smooth, firm, and deep, carrying size down to belly and evenly from ham to shoulder ; ribs long, strong, well sprung at top and bottom.
Objections. — Flat, thin, flabby, pinched, not as full at bottom as at top, drawn in at shoulder so as to produce a crease, or pinched and tucked up and in as it approaches the ham ; lumpy or uneven surface ; ribs Hat or too short.
Belly and flank. — Wide, straight, and full, and dropping as low as flank at bottom cf chest, back of fore leg, making a straight line from fore legs to hind legs ; flank full and out even with surrounding portions of body, the belly at that point dropping down on a line with lower line of chest ; the loose skin connecting ham and belly being on a line even with bottom or side.
Objections. — Belly narrow, pinched, sagging, or flabby ; flank thin, tucked up, or drawn in.
Hams and rump. — Hams broad, full, long, and wide. They should be as wide at point of the hip as at the swell of the ham. Buttocks large and full ; should project beyond and come down upon and fill full between the hocks. The lower front part of the ham should be full, and stifle well covered with flesh, and a gradual rounding toward the hock. Rump should have a rounding slope from the loin to root of tail ; same width as back, and filling out full on each side of and above the tail.
Objections. — Ham narrow, short, thin, not projecting beyond and coming down to hock ; cut up too high in crotch twist ; lacking in fullness at top or bottom ; lacking in width from stifle straight back ; lower fore part thin and flat ; straight from root of tail to hock ; buttocks light, thin, or flabby ; rump flat, narrow, and peaked at root of tail ; too steep.
Legs and feet. — Legs medium length, straight, set well apart and squarely under the body, tapering, well muscled, and wide above knee and hock ; below hock and knee round and tapering, capable of sustaining weight of animal in full flesh without breaking down ; bone firm and of fine texture ; pasterns short and nearly upright. Feet firm, short, tough, and free from defects.
Objections. — Legs long, slim, coarse, crooked, muscles small above hock and
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
35
knee.; bone large, coarse, as large at foot as above knee; pasterns long, slim, crooked, or weak; the hocks turned in or out of straight line; legs too close together ; hoofs long, slim, and weak, toes spreading or crooked, or unable to bear up weight of animal without breaking down.
Tail. — Well set on, smooth, tapering, and carried in a curl.
Objections. — Coarse, long, crooked, or hanging straight down like a rope.
Coat. — Fine, straight, smooth, lying close to and covering the body well, not clipped, evenly distributed over the body.
Objections. — Bristles ; hair coarse, harsh, thin, wavy or curly, swirls, stand- ing up ; ends of hair split and brown, not evenly distributed over all the body except belly. Clipped coats should be cut 1.5 points.
Colob. — Black, with white in face or lower jaw ; white on feet and tip of tail ; a few small, clear white spots on body not objectionable.
Objections. — Solid black, more than one-fourth white; sandy hairs on spots; a grizzled or speckled appearance.
Size. — Large for age and condition. Boars 2 years old and over, if in good flesh, should weigli not less than 500 pounds ; sows same age and condition, not less than 450 pounds. Boars 18 months old, in good condition, not less than 400 pounds ; sows, 350 pounds. Boars 12 months old, not less than 300 pounds ; sows, 300 pounds. Boars and sows, 6 months, not less than 150 pounds. Other ages in proportion.
Objections. — Overgrowth, coarse, gangling, or hard to fatten at any age.
Action and style. — Action vigorous, easy, quick, and graceful. Style at- tractive, high carriage, and in males testicles should be of same size and car- riage, readily seen, and yet not too large.
Objections. — Slow, dull, clumsy, awkward, difficulty in getting up when down, low carriage, wabbling walk. In males testicles not easily seen, not of same size or carriage, too large, or only one showing.
Condition. — Healthy ; skin clear of scurf, scales, or sores, soft and mellow to the touch ; flesh fine, evenly laid on, and free from lumps or wrinkles ; hair soft and lying close to body ; good feeding qualities.
Objections. — Unhealthy skin, scaly, wrinkly, scabby, or harsh, flabbiness or lumpy flesh, too much fat for breeding ; hair harsh, dry, and standing up from body ; poor feeders ; deafness, partial or total.
Disposition. — Quiet, gentle, and easily handled.
Objections. — Cross, restless, vicious, or wild.
DISQUALIFICATIONS.
Form. — Upright ears, small cramped chest ; crease back of shoulders and over the back so as to cause a depression in back easily noticed ; deformed or badly crooked legs ; feet broken down so that animal walks on pastern joints.
Size. — China build or not two-thirds large enough for age.
Condition. — Excessive fatness ; barrenness ; deformed ; seriously diseased ; total blindness, caused by defective eyes or by reason of fat or loose and wrinkled skin over the eyes.
Scobe. — Less than sixty points.
Pedigbee. — Not eligible to record.
36
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Score card adopted by the National Association of Expert Judges on Swine.
SCALE OF POINTS.
TolOts.
Head 4
Eyes 2
Ears 2
Neck 2
Jowl 2
Shoulders C
Chest 12
Back and loin 14
Sides and ribs 10
Belly and flank 4
Ham and rump 10
Points.
Feet and legs 10
Tail 1
Coat 3
Color 3
Size 5
Action and style 3
Condition 2
Disposition 2
Symmetry of points 3
Total . 100
DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
Head. — Head should be broad, even and smooth between and above the eyes. Slightly dished, tapering evenly and gradually to near the end of the nose. Broad lower jaw. Head inclined to shortness, but not enough to give the appearance of stubby nose. And in male a masculine expression and appear- ance.
Objections. — Head long, narrow between the eyes ; nose uneven and coarse ; too large at the muzzle or the head too short; not full or high above the eyes, or too much wrinkled around or above the eyes.
Eyes. — Full, clear, prominent, and expressive.
Objections. — Dull expression, deep-set or obscure. Sight impaired by wrin- kles, fat, or other cause.
Ears. — Ears attached to the head by a short, firm knuckle, giving free and easy action. Standing up slightly at the base to within two-thirds of the tip, where a gentle break or drop should occur ; in size neither too large nor too small, but even, fine, thin, leaf shape. Slightly inclined outward.
Objections. — Large, floppy, straight, upright, or coarse ; knuckle long, letting the ear drop too close to the head and face, hindering the animal of free use of the ears.
Neck. — Short, wide, even, smooth, well arched. Rounding and full from poll to shoulder, with due regard to the characteristics of the sex.
Objections. — Long, narrow, thin, and drooping from the shoulder to the poll, with unevenness caused by wrinkles or creases.
Jowl. — Full, broad, deep, smooth, and firm, carrying fullness back near to point of shoulders and below line of lower jaw, so that lower line will be as low as breastbone when head is carried up level.
Objections. — Light, flabby, thin, and wedge-shaped, deeply wrinkled, not drooping below line of lower jaw and not carrying fullness back to shoulder and brisket.
Shoulder. — Broad and oval at the top, showing evenness with the back and neck, with good width from the top to the bottom and even smoothness extend- ing well forward.
Objections. — Narrow at the top or bottom ; not as deep as the body, uneven width. Shields on pigs under eight months of age, or showing too much shield at any age.
Chest. — Large, wide, deep, and full ; even underline to the shoulder and sides,
THE SCOBE CABD IN STOCK BBEEDING.
37
with no creases ; giving plenty of room for the heart and other organs, making a large girth indicating much vitality. Brisket smooth, even, and broad ; wide between the legs and extending well forward, showing in front.
Objections. — Pinched appearance at the top or bottom, or tucked in back of the fore legs ; showing too narrow between the legs; not depth enough back of the shoulders. Brisket uneven, narrow, not prominent.
Back and loin. — Broad, straight or slightly arched, carrying same width from shoulder to ham, surface even, smooth, free from lumps, creases or projec- tions, not too long but broad on top, indicating well-sprung ribs ; should not be higher at hip than at shoulder and should fill out at junction with side so that a straightedge placed along at top of side will touch all the way from point of shoulder to point of ham, should be shorter than lower belly line.
Objections. — Narrow, creased back of shoulders, swayed or hollow, dropping below a straight line ; humped or wrinkled ; too long or sunflsh shaped ; loin high, narrow, depressed or humped up ; surface lumpy, creased, ridgy or uneven ; width at side not as much as shoulder and ham.
Sides and ribs. — Sides full, firm, and deep, free from wrinkles ; carrying size down to belly ; even from ham to shoulder ; ribs of good length, well sprung at top and bottom.
Objections. — Flat, thin, flabby, pinched, not as full at bottom as at top ; drawn in at shoulder so as to produce a crease or pinched and tucked up and in as it approaches the ham ; uneven surface ; ribs flat or too short.
Belly and flank. — Belly broad, straight and full, indicating capacity and room, being about the same or on a level at the flank witli the underline of the chest. Underline straight, or nearly so, and free from flabby appearance.
Objections. — Belly uneven and flabby, or apparent looseness in the make-up. Tinched up in the flank or flanked too high.
Ham and bump. — Hams broad, full, deep, and long from rump to hock. Fully developed above and below, being wide at the point of the hip, carrying width well down to the lower part of the hams. Fleshy, plump, rounding fullness per- ceptible everywhere. Rump rounding and gradually sloping from the loin to the root of the tail. Broad and well developed all along from loin and gradually rounding to the buttock ; lower front part of ham should be full and stifle well covered with flesh. Even widtli of ham and rump witli the back, loin, and body. Even a greater width as to females not objectionable.
Objections. — Ham short, narrow, too round or slim. Not filled out above or below, or unshapely for deep meat ; not as wide as the body ; back or loin too tapering or small. Rump narrow or pointed, not plump or well filled or too steep from loin to the tail.
Legs and feet. — Legs medium length, straight, set well apart and squarely under body, tapering, well muscled and wide above knee and hock ; below hock and knee round and tapering, capable of sustaining weight of animal in full flesh without breaking down ; bone firm and of fine texture ; pasterns short and nearly upright. Feet firm, short, tough, and free from defects.
Objections. — Legs long, slim, coarse, crooked ; muscles small above hock and knee; bone large, coarse; as large at foot as above knee; pasterns long, slim, crooked or weak; the hocks turned in or out of straight line; legs too close together ; hoofs long, slim, and weak ; toes spreading or crooked or unable to bear up weight of animal without breaking down.
Tail. — Tail of medium length and size, smooth and tapering well, and carried in a curl.
Objections. — Coarse and long without a curl ; or short, crooked or stubby ; or too small, fine, even, not tapering.
38
BTJKEAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Coat. — Fine, straight, smooth, laying close to and covering the hody well ; not clipped, evenly distributed over the body.
Objections. — Bristles, hair coarse, harsh, thin, wavy or curly ; swirls ; stand- ing up, ends of hair split and brown, not evenly distributed over all of the body except the belly. Clipped coats should be cut 1.5 points.
Color. — Black, with six white points — tip of tail, four white feet and white in face, on the nose, or on the point of lower jaw ; all to be perceptible without close examination ; splashes of white on the jaw, legs, or flank, or a few spots of white on the body not objectionable.
Objections. — Solid black, white niixed or sandy spots. Speckled with white hairs over the body ; mottled face or white and black ; hair mixed, making a grizzly appearance.
Size. — Large for age. Condition, vigor, and vitality to be considered. There should be a difference between breeding animals and those kept or fitted for the show of at least 25 per cent in size. In show condition, or when fat, a 2-year- old boar should not weigh less than GOO pounds, and a sow not less than 500 pounds. Boar 1 year and over, 400 pounds ; sow, 350 pounds. Boar 18 months, 500 pounds ; sow, 450 pounds. Boars and sows 6 months old, not less than 100 pounds. All hogs in just fair breeding condition, one-fourth less for size. The keeping and chance that a young hog has cuts quite a figure in his size and should be considered, other points being equal. Fine quality and size combined are desirable.
Objections. — Overgrown, coarse, flabby, loose appearance ; gangling, hard to fatten ; too fine, undersize ; short, stubby, inclined to chubby fatness. Not a hardy, robust animal.
Action and style.— Action vigorous, easy, and graceful. Style attractive, high carriage ; and in males testicles should be prominent and of about the same size, and yet not too large and pouchy.
Objections. — Clumsy, slow, awkward movement ; low carriage ; waddling or twisting walk ; a seeming tired or lazy appearance ; not standing erect and firm.
Condition. — Healthy, skin clear of scurf, scales, and sores ; soft and mellow to the touch ; flesh fine, evenly laid on, and free from lumps and wrinkles ; hair soft and lying close to the body ; good feeding qualities.
Objections. — Unhealthy ; skin scaly, wrinkled, scabby, or harsh ; flabbiness or lumpy flesh ; too much fat for breeding ; hair harsh, dry, and standing up from body ; poor feeders ; deafness, partial or total.
Disposition. — Lively, easily handled, and seemingly kind and responsive to good treatment.
Objections. — Cross, sluggish, restless, wild, or of a vicious turn. Symmetry or adaptation of points. — The adaptation of all the points, size, and style combined to make the desired type or model.
TAMWORTH.
Standard of excellence adopted by the American Tamworth Swine Record
Association.
Color. — Golden-red hair on a flesh-colored skin, free from black.
Head. — Fairly long ; snout moderately long and quite straight ; face slightly ■dished, wide between ears.
Ears. — Rather large, with flue fringe, carried rigid and inclined slightly forward.
Neck. — Fairly long and muscular, especially in boar.
THE SCOKE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
39
Chest. — Wide and deep.
Shoulders. — Fine, slanting, and well set.
Legs.— Strong and shapely, with plenty of bone, and set well outside body.
Pasterns. — -Strong and sloping.
Feet. — Strong, and of fair size.
Back. — Long and straight.
Loin. — Strong and broad.
Tail. — Set on high and well tasseled.
Sides. — Long and deep.
Ribs. — Well sprang and extending well up to flank.
Belly. — Deep, with straight underline.
Flank. — Full and well let down.
Quarters. — Long, wide, and straight from hip to tail.
Hams. — Broad and full, well let down to hocks.
Coat. — Abundant, long, straight, and fine.
Action. — Firm and free.
Objections. — Black hair, very light or ginger hair, curly coat, coarse mane, black spots on skin, slouch or drooping ears, short or turned-up snout, heavy shoulders, wrinkled skin, inbeut knees, hollowness at back of shoulders.
YORKSHIRE, LARGE. Score card adopted by the American Yorkshire Club.
Points.
General outline. — Long and deep in proportion to width, but not mas-
sive; slightly arched in the back, symmetrical, and smooth, with body
firmly supported by well-placed legs of medium length 5
Outline of head. — -Moderate in length and size, with lower jaw well sprung, and considerable dish toward snout, increasing with advancing
maturity '. 4
Forehead and poll. — Wide 1
Eye. — Medium size, clear, and bright 1
Jowl. — Medium, not carried too far back toward neck, and not flabby - 1
Snout. — Turning upward with a short curve, increasing with age 1
Ear. — Medium in size, standing well out from the head, of medium erec- tion, and inclining slightly forward 1
Neck. — Of medium length, fair width and depth, rising gradually from poll to withers, muscular, but not gross, evenly connecting head with
body i 3
Outline of body. — Long, deep, and of medium breadth, equally wide at
shoulder, side, and hams; top line slightly arched, underline straight-- 7 Back. — Moderately broad, even in width from end to end ; strong in loin,
short ribs of good length 10
Shoulders. — Large, but not massive, not open above 6
Arm and thigh. — Broad and of medium length and development 2
Brisket. — Wide and on a level 'with underline 3
Side. — Long, deep, straight, and even from shoulder to hip 8
Ribs. — Well arched and deep 5
Heart girth and flank girth. — Good and about equal 8
Hind quarters. — Long to correspond with shoulder and side, deep with
moderate and gradual droop to tail 5
Ham. — Large, well let down on thigh and twist, and rear outline some- what rounded 10
Twist. — Well down and meaty 1
40
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Points.
Tail. — Medium, not much inclined to curl 1
Legs. — Medium in length, strong, not coarse, but standing straight and
firm - — 5
Hair. — Abundant, long, of medium fineness, without any bristles 4
Skin. — Smooth and white, without scales, but dark spots in sUm do not
disqualify 2
Color. — White on every part 1
Movement. — Active, but not restless f>
Total 100
YORKSHIRE, SMALL.
Score card adopted hy Vie Anterican Yorkshire Club.
Points.
General outline. — Wide and deep in proportion to the length, straight
above and below, and short in head, neck, body, and limbs 5
Outline of head. — Short, abrupt, inclining to fine, and possessed of much
dish and downward spring under the jaws 4
Forehead and poll. — Wide 1
Eye. — Medium size, clear and bright 1
Jowl. — Large, smooth, and carried well back toward the neck 1
Snout. — Short, turning upward somewhat, with a deep indenture or curve
immediately above it 1
Ear. — Small, thin, erect, and inclining slightly forward rather than
backward at the tips 1
Neck. — Short, wide, and deep, the width slightly increasing toward the
shoulders 3
Outline of body. — Short, broad, deep, and straight above, below, and on
the sides 7
Back. — Very broad, of even width, and straight from withers to tail head_ 10 Shoulder. — Large, smoothly and evenly developed, and blending per- fectly with neck and crops G
Arm and thigh. — Moderately wide, tapering nicely down, and inclining
to short 2
Brisket. — Wide and on level with underline 3
Side. — Deep, thick in every part, straight and even from shoulder to hip 8
Ribs. — Widely and deeply sprung 5
Heart and flank girth. — Excellent in proportion to the length of body
and about equal 8
Hindquarters. — Relatively long, broad in every part and deep, with but
little lowering toward the tail head. 5
Ham. — Large, well let down at thigh and twist, and inclined to straight
behind 10
Twist. — Well down and full 1
Tail. — Fine, short, and inclined to curl 1
Legs. — Short, fine rather than coarse, strong, straight, and placed well
apart 5
Hair. — Abundant, fine, even in quality 4
SKiN.^-Smooth and white and free from crea'ses and scales 2
Color. — White on every part 1
Movement. — Gentle and easy, but not sluggish 5
Total 100
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
41
SHEEP.
• 1 I » \ \ ' ; .',7
//<'' 'A ' ■ v ! V.U
Pig. 6.— Points of the sheep, side view.
1. Muzzle.
2. Month.
3. Nostril.
4. Lips.
5. Nose.
8. Eye.
9. Ear.
10. Neck. 16. Brisket, or breast. 24. Hind flank.
11. Neck vein, or shoul- 17. Top line. 25. Underline.
der vein. 18. Crops. 26. Hip.
12. Top of shoulder. 19. Ribs. 27. Rump.
13. Shoulder. 21. Fore flank. 30. Thigh, or leg of mut-
14. Arm. 22. Back. ton.
15. Shanks. 23. Loin.
6. Face.
7. Forehead.
Fig. 7. — Points of the sheep, front and rear views.
16. Brisket, or breast. 28. Pin bones. 31. Twist.
20. Girth, orheartgirth. 29. Dock, or tail.
42
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
CHEVIOT.
Score card adopted by the American Cheviot Sheet) Society.
Points.
General conformation and quality. — Deep and full of breast and large
through chest. Back wide and straight, with well-sprung, deep ribs; legs well placed and leg of mutton full and thick. Body well fleshed ; skin pink, with no blue or dark coloring ; fleece compact and medium fine ; bone strong and flue ; general appearance graceful, symmetrical, active 20
Size. — In good flesh when fully matured. At 24 months old ram should weigh not less than 225 pounds, and ewes 150 pounds , 10
Head. — Should be medium short and broad, with ample breadth between the eyes. Ears should be of medium length and usually erect when at repose. Head covered with clear white hairs, extending from nostrils to back of poll. Ridge of head from eyes to nostrils straight or slightly arched with females and more strongly arched or Roman with rams. Color of nose, black 15
Body. — Well proportioned, having notable depth, with thickness on top and at flanks. Loins should be very broad and thick ; shoulders should set well back, and be smoothly covered, and crops be full and well arched. The rump should be long, broad, and level 20
Legs. — Should be short, well set apart, and be covered with clean white hair, with no wool below hocks or knees. The hind legs should be flat and deep below hocks. Pasterns should be strong and not show weak- ness, supporting the body well 10
Feet. — Symmetrical, squarely placed when in repose and black in color 5
Fleece. — Should cover the body completely to behind the poll and ears and down to knees and hocks. Under part of the body should be well covered. On mature animals should be 3 inches long for annual growth and be compact and of medium wool class. Rams should shear at least 12 pounds and ewes 8 when in mature form to be desirable representa- tives of the breed 20
Total 100
objections.
Sears on the head, black spots on the head, flesh-colored or spotted skin about the nostrils, hair about the thighs or kemp on the body, reddish hair on head or legs of ewes. Lack of wool on under part of body.
disqualification.
All male lambs dropped after January 1, 1905, shall be ineligible for regis- tration if without a true polled head or if possessing distinctive sandy or red hair on head or legs. Persons applying for the registration of males dropped after the above date must certify that the rams registered conform to this rule.
THE SCOEE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
43
COTSWOLD.
Hcore card adopted hp the American Gotsicold Registry Association.
RAM.
Points.
Head. — Not too fine, moderately small, and broad between the eyes and nostrils, but without a short, thick appearance, and in young animals
well covered on crown with Ions, lustrous wool 8
Face. — Either white or slightly mixed with gray, or white dappled with
brown 4
Nostbils. — Wide and expanded : nose dark 1
Eyes. — Prominent, but mild looking 2
Ears. — Broad, long, moderately thin, and covered with short hairJ 4
Collar. — Full from breast and shoulders, tapering gradually all the way to where the neck and head join. The neck should be short, thick, and strong, indicating constitutional vigor, and free from coarse and loose
skin 0
Shoulders. — Broad and full, and at the same time join so gradually to the collar forward and chine backward as not to leave the least hollow in
either place 8
Fore legs. — The mutton on the arm or fore thigh should come quite to the knee. Leg upright, with heavy bone, being clear from superfluous skin,
with wool to fetlock, and may be mixed with gray 4
Breast. — Broad and well forward, keeping the legs wide apart; girth of
chest, full and deep 10
Foreflank. — Quite full, not showing hollow behind the shoulder 5
Back and loin. — Broad, flat, and straight, from which the ribs must
spring with a fine circular arch 12
Belly. — Straight on underline 3
Quarters. — Long and full, with mutton quite down to the hock 8
Hock. — Should stand neither in nor out 2
Twist or junction inside the thighs. — Deep, wide, and full, which, with
a broad breast, will keep the legs open and upright 5
Fleece. — The whole body should be covered with long, lustrous wool 18
Total 100
EWE.
Points.
Head. — Moderately fine, broad between the eyes and nostrils, but without a short, thick appearance, and well covered on crown with long, lustrous
wool &
Face. — Either white or slightly mixed with gray, or white dappled with
brown 4
Nostrils. — Wide and expanded; nose, dark 1
Eyes. — Prominent, but mild looking 2
Ears. — Broad, long, moderately thin, and covered with short hair 4
Collar. — Full from breast and shoulders, tapering gradually all the way to where the neck and head join. The neck should be fine and graceful, and free from coarse and loose skin 5
44
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
Points.
Shoulders. — Broad and full, and at the same time join so gradually to the collar forward and chine backward as not to leave the least hollow
in either place 8
Fore legs. — The mutton on the arm or forethigh should come quite to the knee ; leg upright with heavy hone, being clear from superflous skin,
with wool to fetlock, and may be mixed with gray 4
Breast. — Broad and well forward, keeping the legs wide apart; girth or
chest full and deep 10
Foreflank. — Quite full, not showing hollow behind the shoulder 4
Back and loin. — Broad, flat, and straight, from which the ribs must
spring with a fine circular arch 12
Belly. — Straight on underline 5
Quarters. — Long and full, with mutton quite down to the hock 8
Hock. — Should stand neither in nor out 2
Twist, or junction inside the thighs. — Deep. wide, and full, which.
with a broad breast, will keep the legs open and upright 5
Fleece. — The whole body should be covered witli long, lustrous wool 18
Total 100
DORSET HORN. Score card adopted by the Continental Dorset Club.
Points.
Head. — Neat, face white, nostrils large; well covered on crown and under
jaws with wool 5
Horns. — Small and gracefully curved forward rather close to jaw 5
Eyes. — Prominent and bright 2
Ears. — Medium size, covered with short white hair 2
Neck. — Short, symmetrical, strongly set on shoulders, gradually tapering
to junction of head 5
Shoulders. — Broad and full, joining neck forward and chine backward,
with no depression at either point (important) 15
Brisket.— Wide and full forward, chest full and deep 8
Foreflank. — Quite full, showing little depression behind shoulder 8
Back and loin. — Wide and straight, from which ribs should spring with
a fine circular arch 10
Quarters. — Wide and full, with mutton extending down to hocks 10
Belly. — Straight on underline 3
Fleece. — Medium grade, of even quality, presenting a smooth surface, and
extending over belly and well down on legs 12
General conformation. — Of the mutton type, body moderately long ;
short, stout legs, placed squarely under body ; skin pink ; appearance
attractive 15
Total , 100
THE SCORE CARD IN STOCK BREEDING.
45
HAMPSHIRE DOWN.
Score card adopted l>y the Hampshire Down Breeders' Association of America.
DESCRIPTION.
Head. — Moderately large, but not coarse ; well covered with wool on forehead and cheeks.
Nostrils. — Wide.
Color (head and legs). — Dark brown or black. Eyes. — Prominent and lustrous.
Ears. — Moderately long and thin, and dark-brown or black color. Legs. — Well under outside of body, straight, with good size of bone, black. Neck. — A regular taper from shoulders to head, without any hollow in front of shoulders, set high up on body.
Shoulders. — Sloping, full, and not higher than the line of back and neck. Chest. — Deep and full in the heart place, with breast prominent and full. Back. — Straight, with full spring of rib.
Loin. — Wide and straight, without depression in front of hips. Quarters. — Long from hips to rump, without sloping, and deep in thigh. Broad in hips and rump, with full hams. Inside of thigh full.
SCALE OF POINTS.
Points.
Head. — Size and shape, 5 ; ears and eyes, 3 ; color, 5 ; legs and feet, 2 15
Neck, shoulders, and breast. — Neck, 5 ; shoulders, 10 ; chest and
breast, 15 30
Body. — Back and loins, 15 ; rib, 5 20
Quarters. — Length, 10; width, 10; twist, 5 25
Wool. — Forehead and cheeks, 2 ; belly, well covered, 3 ; quality, 5 10
Total 100
LINCOLN.
Score card adopted oy the National Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Association.
Points.
Constitution. — Body deep ; back wide and straight ; wide and full in
the thigh ; bright, large eyes ; skin soft and of a pink color 25
Size. — Matured rams not less than 250 pounds when in good condition.
Matured ewes not less than 200 pounds 10
Appearance. — Good carriage and symmetry of form 10
Body. — Well proportioned, good bone and length ; broad hind quarters ;
legs standing well apart ; breast wide and deep 15
Head. — Should be covered with wool to the ears; tuft on forehead; eyes
expressive ; ears fair length ; dotted or mottled in color 10
Neck. — Medium length ; good muscle ; well set on body 5
Legs. — Broad and set well apart ; good shape ; color white, but some
black spots do not disqualify ; wooled to the knees 10
Fleece. — Of even length and quality over body ; not less than eight inches
long for one year's growth 10
Quality of wool. — Rather fine, long wool ; strong, lustrous fiber ; no
tendency to cot 5
Total 100
46
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
MERINO, DELAINE.
Score card adopted by the Improved Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders'
Association.
Points.
Constitution 33J
Size. — Heavy set and dee)) through the heart 33j
Fleece. — Fine, crimpy, white, bulky, and long 33i
Total 100
Short, thick neck 12
Broad, short nose 8
Small, sharp foot 15
Straight, broad back 14
Good, plump quarters 15
Legs straight and wide apart 7
Covering of head and legs t)
Fleece, outer covering dark (not black) 5
Flow of white oil (not in excess) 8
Head up, with spirited n iture 7
Total : 100
To entitle a sheep for registration in the above association it must scale 75 points, both in main and minor points.
Standard weights. — Rams, 150 pounds; ewes, 100 pounds.
Score card adopted by the National Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders' Association.
Points.
Constitution 10
Heavy around the heart 0
Short, heavy neck 6
Good dewlap 5
Broad back 8
Well-sprung ribs 5
Short legs 6
Heavy bone 8
Small, sharp foot 10
Points.
Length of staple, one year, 3
inches 8
Density of fleece 8
Darkish cast on top 5
Opening up white 5
Good flow of white oil 5
Good crimp in staple : 5
Total 100
Weight of rams at maturity not less than 150 pounds. Weight of ewes at maturity not less than 100 pounds.
Score card adopted by the Dickinson Spanish Merino Sheep Breeders' Asso- ciation.
Standard of breeding. Purity of blood. Tracing their descent to the flock of James McDowell, of Canton, Stark County, Ohio (without admixture of impure blood), which flock descends directly from the flock of W. R. Dickinson, of Ohio, which were purely bred from Merino sheep imported from Spain to the United States by Col. David Humphreys, of Derby, New Haven County, Conn., in the year 1802.
THE SCORE CAKD IN STOCK BREEDING.
47
BODY.
Points.
Deep, round, wide, and long, showing mutton capacity, good feeding, and thriving qualities ; heavy, thick flesh ; straight, under, and top lines well proportioned, filling every part of its skin when fully matured.
Skin. — Thick, soft, not raised in corrugations, pink-red 4
Head. — Small, carried high. Quiet placid eye 4
Nose. — White, not mottled; covered with fine, soft, white hair; wide and
slightly arched 3
Ears. — Short, thick ; covered with fine, glossy hair 3
Horns. — Small, neatly curved, light-yellow color; better without any
horns 3
Neck. — Short ; arched in under and on top ; the base very strong 4
Shoulders. — Wide, deep, rounded ; breastbone projecting forward of front
limbs 5
Back. — Straight, wide; ribs extending out horizontal from spinal column,
rounding in line with shoulders, extending close back to hips 8
Loins. — Strong, wide 3
Hips. — Wide, long 3
Thighs. — Wide ; thick flesh extending close down to hock joints 4
Limbs. — Short ; bone heavy ; joints smooth and flat ; their contour to show perpendicular lines from elbow and stifle joints to center of hoofs and from base of tail to center of a straight line drawn horizontally
from caps of hock joints when standing erect on limbs 5
Hoofs. — Deep, thin ; white texture ; tough and elastic 4
Size of full-grown rams, 200, and ewes, 150 pounds 5
Internal organs. — Strong 4
Mature early, 2J years 3
fleece.
Smooth, even, dense, soft to the touch 6
Staple 3 to 5 inches, fibers glossy, crimped 4
Quality XX, XXX, or above, fine delaine combing 6
Quantity — Rams, 15 to 25 pounds; ewes, 10 to 15 pounds, unwashed wool- 6 Covering entire body with even length and grade of wool, except parts
injuring thrift and comfort of sheep ; entirely free from gum and hair_. 8 Oil very fluid ; white or nearly so ; enough to preserve the wool raising to
outer ends of fibers 5
Total 100
MERINO, SPANISH.
Description adopted by the Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders' Association.
ram.
Weight. — In full fleece, 160 to 185 pounds.
Feet. — Sound, level, free from thickness or elongated toes.
Legs. — Straight, heavy, well covered, and wide apart.
Head. — Densely covered for not less than 1 inch below the eyes ; wide between the eyes and ears; horns heavy, uniform, fine grained, with first turn 1J inches from jaw ; ears medium length, thick, velvety, free from tan marks ; eyes large,
48
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
spirited, and expressive ; nose prominent, velvety, wrinkled, with wide nostrils, and free from specks ; lips even and well closed.
Neck. — Thick, medium length, heavily folded with pliable skin.
Shoulders. — Deep and rising 1 to 2 inches above level of back.
Back. — Level, broad, and well supported by shoulders and hips.
Ribs. — Well sprung and extending near to hip bone.
Brisket. — Deep, and extending well forward.
Hips. — Slightly sloping and arch shaped.
Plank. — Deep, with heavy folds.
Fleece. — Very dense, fine, evenly crimped its entire length, and the nearer uniform on every part of the body, including folds and extremities, the better. Staple, 2J to 3 inches in length, measured on sheep at one year's growth. Oil free, buff in color, and evenly distributed. Weight from 25 to 35 pounds.
Folds and weinkles. — Heavy on neck and medium about flank and tail ; one or two folds back of fore legs, and one or two back of hind legs, with more or less on hip and belly.
EWE.
Feet. — Same as in ram. Legs. — Same as in ram.
Head. — Ears, eyes, nose, and lips same as in ram, but more feminine in char- acter, with no semblance of horns.
Neck. — Thinner and apparently longer than in ram.
Shoulders. — Thinner than in the ram, with less rise from back and rounder on top.
Back, brisket, ribs, and hips. — Same as ram, with more space between ribs and hips.
Flank. — Same as rams, with less folds.
Fleece. — Very dense, finer in crimp and fiber than in the ram, with same uni-* formity. Oil free, buff, lighter in color and less in quantity than the ram, and evenly distributed. Length of staple, 2J to 3} inches. Weight of fleece, 15 to 20 pounds at one year's growth.
Folds. — Less prominent than in the ram, and not advisable on sides or back.
Both ram and ewe should be straight on back, stand square on feet, and move with grace and ease.
Score card adopted by the Standard American Merino Sheep Breeders'
Association.
[Vol. Ill, Register of the Standard American Merino Sheep Breeders' Association.] CONSTITUTION, 15 POINTS.
Points.
Bone 5
Physical development and general appearance 10
form, 40 POINTS.
A broad head, broad, wrinkly nose and face, covered with a soft, velvety
coat 5
Short, broad, muscular neck, well set on shoulders 5
Massiveness of shoulder, as to depth and breadth 5
Level, straight back and rotundity of rib '- 5
Breadth and length of hips 5
THE SCOBE CABD IN STOCK BREEDING. 49
Points.
Straight fore legs, well set apart , 3
Straight hind legs, and set so as to give a perpendicular appearance to
hind parts 5
Soft, thick, velvety ear 2
Pure white nose, ears, and hoofs 5
WRINKLES, 15 POINTS.
Heavy, pendulous neck 5
Across arm and point of shoulder on side and running well under 5
Tail, hip folds, and flank 5
MODIFIED FOR DELAINE RAM YIELDING A STAPLE OF 2} INCHES AND UPWARD.
A deep gullet and heavy cross at brisket 5
Heavy flank with fold extending upward on side and back of shoulder 5
Heavy tail 5
DENSITY OF FLEECE, 15 POINTS.
On neck 3
On back 3
On side 3
On hip and extending to flank 3
On belly 3
COVERING, 15 POINTS.
Crown of head or cap 3
Cheek 2
Fore leg 2
Armpit 2
Hind leg - 2
Inside of flank 3
Connection between tag wool and belly 1
Total 100
Fiber to be indicated as " fine," " medium," and " coarse ; " oil as " buff " and " white."
OXFORD DOWN.
Score card adopted by the American Oxford Down Record Association.
Points.
Breed type 20
Constitution '. 25
Mutton form and quality 30
Wool 15
Total 100
50
BTJBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
BREED TYPE OF ANIMALS.
Points.
Form of a good general appearance, m..de by a well-balanced conforma- tion, free from coarseness in any part, and showing good style, both at rest and in motion 15
Head of moderate length and width between the ears and between the eyes, and well covered with wool over poll and down to the eyes. Color of face an even dark-gray or brown, either with or without gray spot on tip of nose 0
When fully matured and in good condition, rams should weigh 250 to 350 pounds ; ewes, 180 to 275 pounds 5
Ears medium size, not too thick, and of an even brown or dark-gray color. 2
Legs short, strong in bone, flat, and of even dark-gray or brown color, placed squarely under the body and well apart 2
CONSTITUTION.
Large around the heart and wide and full in the chest 10
The movement must be bold and vigorous 5
Eyes bold, prominent, and bright 4
Skin bright pink in color 3
Neck strong and muscular in rams and well set on in both sexes 3
MUTTON FORM AND QUALITY.
Wide and straight on top of shoulders, back, loin, and rump, from base
of neck to tail . 15
Full shoulders and thighs, well meated both inside and outside 5
Flanks well filled and strong, so as to make the lower lines of the body as
straight as possible, and side lines straight or rather full 4
The whole carcass evenly covered with good, well-marbled meat 6
WOOL.
Fleece of moderate length, close and of even quality, covering the whole
carcass well, and free from black patches upon the body, neck, or head_ 15
Total 100
RAMBOTJILLET.
Score card adopted by the International Von Homeyer Rambouillet Club.
STANDARD OF TYPE.
A summary of the standard of type falls under two general heads — fleece, to which we give half the value of points, namely, 50, and form, which takes the other 50 points.
RAM.
FLEECE.
Fleece, including covering, 50.
Fleece very dense, fine, evenly crimped the whole length, and uniform in fineness; crimp, density, and length all over the body, folds, and extremities, with no jar or coarse hair.
THE SCOEE OABD IN STOCK BREEDING.
51
Length of staple, 2i to 3J inches, measured on the sheep at one year's growth. Oil free, light buff in color, evenly distributed, and of sufficient amount to give a naturally dark color to the surface of the fleece. Weight, 20 to 30 pounds.
Covering to the hoofs all the way around on both fore and hind legs, extend- ing on be inside of the forelegs to at least 3 inches above the knee joint, with thick, dark-surfaced wool ; on the inside of the hind leg, up into the groin, to within at least 4 inches of the line of the belly wool ; on the head with dense wool extending to the tip of the ear down over the top of the nose to within 3 inches of the nasal septum, and on the sides of the face down at least 4 inches below the corner of the eye.
SCALE FOR FLEECE.
Quality, 10. Density, 6. Lubrication, 5. Length, 5. Crimp, 4.
Evenness of quality, density, lubrication, length, and crimp and freedom from jar hair, 8. Covering, 12.
FORM.
Form, 50, subdivided as follows :
General appearance and typical character, 5. Strongly masculine, head erect; general appearance alert, active, and attractive; movements easy and naturally graceful, with symmetrical form.
Constitution, 9J. Indicated by a deep chest, long rib well arched, giving heart and lung room, with great digestive capacity.
Weight, 94. In full fleece, 200 to 250 pounds at maturity.
Head, 5. Short and broad, wide between the eyes ; horns heavy, uniform, with first turn 2 inches from side of face ; spiral short, avoiding a wide-spreading, sprangly appearance; ears thick, moderately large, and slightly drooping, and covered to the tip with a dense, velvety wool ; eyes large and prominent ; nose broad and thick, with a large wrinkle at either side, just above the nostrils ; uncovered portions soft and velvety ; no chalk hairs, no color spots of any sort, with wide-spreading nostrils ; jaws of even length, so that the lips close evenly.
Neck, 2. Thick, medium length, with sufficient upward curve to bear the head well erect.
Shoulders, 3. Deep and level with the back or slightly rising; at the same time they should be broad and well rounded.
Back, 5. Straight, broad, especially across the loin, and strongly coupled to the quarters.
Hips, 3. Deep and well rounded, nearly straight with the line of back and well let down in the twist, with heavy flank extending well forward on the belly.
Legs and feet, 5. Legs straight, large bone, medium length, and wide apart. Feet neatly shaped, thin hoof, with no tendency to clubfootedness, well set under the leg, with no black streaks in horn of hoof.
Folds, 3. Around the neck and across the breast distinct and symmetrical, to give style and masculine appearance, one back of the fore leg, and a small rose at the tall to give style and character to the quarters.
52
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
EWE.
Fleece and covering, 50. Same as ram, except that it should be finer ; weight, 15 to 20 pounds.
General appearance and typical character, 5. Distinctly feminine; otherwise same as ram.
Constitution, 0J. Same as ram.
Weight, 9J. In full fleece 1(50 to 200 pounds for mature sheep. Head, 5. No semblance of horns ; otherwise same as ram, but feminine in character.
Neck, 2. Medium length, slimmer than the ram's and carrying the head well erect.
Shoulders, 3. Same as ram, but not rising quite so high.
Back, 5. Same as ram.
Hips, 3. Same as ram.
Legs and feet, 5. Same as ram.
Folds, 3. One or two- distinct and symmetrically arranged around the neck, none on the body, but a small rose at the tail.
SHROPSHIRE.
Score card adopted hy the American Shropshire Registry Association.
Points.
General appearance. — Attractive, indicating breeding and quality, with
stylish carriage and a symmetrical form covered with a dense tieeee 25
Constitution. — Robust, as indicated by widtli and depth of chest, strength,
and formation of neck, and by bold active movement 10
Size. — In breeding condition when fully matured, rams should weigh not less than 180 to 225 pounds and ewes not less than 125 to 170 pounds 10
Fleece and skin. — Fleece of good length, dense, elastic to touch, medium fine, free from black fiber, slightly crimped, with evenness of texture throughout ; scrotum of rams well covered with wool. Skin light cherry color, free from dark spots 15
Body. — Well proportioned, with shoulders well placed, fitting smoothly upon the chest, which should be deep and wide, broad and straight back, thick loins well covered with firm flesh ; hind quarters well fin- ished ; twist deep and full 20
Head and neck. — Head short, broad between the ears and eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without horns, well covered with wool ; ears short and erect, eyes bright, color of face and ears dark brown. Neck of medium length, strong and muscular (especially in rams), symmetri- cally joined to head and shoulders 15
Legs.— Well set apart, broad, short, straight, color dark brown, and well wooled ; pastern strong and upright 5
Total
100
THE SCORE CABD IN STOCK BREEDING.
53
SOUTHDOWN.
Score card adopted hy the American Southdown Breeders' Association.
Points.
Head. — Medium in size and hornless, fine, carried well up, the forehead or face well covered with wool, especially between the ears and on the
cheeks, and in the ewe slightly dished 5
Lips and under jaw. — Fine and thin 1
Ears. — Rather small, tolerably wide apart, covered with fine hair, and
carried with a lively back and forth movement 2
Eyes. — Full and bright 3
Face. — A uniform tint of brown or gray or mouse color 3
Neck. — Short, fine at the head, but nicely tapering, and broad and' straight
on top at the shoulders 4
Shoulders. — Broad and full, smoothly joining the neck with the back 5
Breast. — Wide, deep, and projecting well forward, the forelegs standing
wide apart _ 5
Back and loin. — Broad and straight from shoulders to rump 7
Ribs. — Well arched, extending far backward, the last projecting more
than the others 1 6
Rump. — Broad, square, and full, with tail well set up 6
Hips. — Wide, with little space between them and last ribs 6
Thighs. — Full and well let down in twist, the legs standing wTell apart___ 6
Limbs. — Short and fine in bone and in color to agree with the face 3
Fore legs. — Well wooled and carrying mutton to the knees, but free from
. meat below 2
Hind legs. — Well filled with mutton and wooled to the hocks, neat and
clean below : 2
Belly. — Straight and covered with wool, the flank extending so as to form
a line parallel with the back or top line 5
Fleece. — Compact, the whole body well covered with .moderately long and
close wool, white in color, carrying some yolk 12
Form throughout. — Smooth and symmetrical, with no coarseness in any
part 9
General appearance. — Spirited and attractive, with a determined look, a proud and firm step, indicating constitutional vigor and thorough breed- ing 8
Total 100
54
BUEEAU OP ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
SUFFOLK.
Score card adopted by the American Suffolk Flock Register Association.
Points.
General appearance. — Pleasing outline, good carriage, and symmetry of
development 7
General form. — Large in size; inclined to long in body; medium strength of bone ; somewhat cylindrical in shape, and straight above, below, and in the rear 15 ■
Head. — Medium in size, inclining to be long and covered with fine, short, glossy black hair to the junction with the neck ; a small quantity of clean, white wool oil the forehead is not objected to ; muzzle moder- ately fine, especially in the ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of me- dium length and fineness 10
Neck. — Moderately long and well set and blending well with the body,
with some crest in the lambs 5
Forequarters. — Well developed; breast wide, deep, and full; brisket broad ; chest capacious, with good heart girth ; shoulders broad, oblique, and well tilled in the neck vein and crops ; withers broad ; arm well developed 15
Barrel. — Roomy, back straight, broad, and well fleshed throughout its entire length; ribs well sprung and moderately deep; fore and hind flanks full and deep 15
Hindquarters. — Long, deep, and full; tail broad and well set up; but- tock broad; twist full; thigh broad and full 15
Feet and legs. — Straight, of medium length, with flat bone; bare of wool
below the knee and hock, glossy black in color, and set well apart 8
Fleece. — Moderately short, with close, fine, lustrous fiber and without tendency to mat or felt together or to shade off into dark or gray wool or hair, especially about the neck and tail. The fleece should cover the whole body except the head and the legs below the knee and the hock, and the skin underneath it should be fair, soft, and of a pink color 10
Total 100
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